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<h1>Node.js v16.16.0 documentation</h1>
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<div class="picker"><div class="toc"><ul>
<li><span class="stability_2"><a href="#stream">Stream</a></span>
<ul>
<li><a href="#organization-of-this-document">Organization of this document</a></li>
<li><a href="#types-of-streams">Types of streams</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#streams-promises-api">Streams Promises API</a></li>
<li><a href="#object-mode">Object mode</a></li>
<li><a href="#buffering">Buffering</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#api-for-stream-consumers">API for stream consumers</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#writable-streams">Writable streams</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#class-streamwritable">Class: <code>stream.Writable</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#event-close">Event: <code>'close'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-drain">Event: <code>'drain'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-error">Event: <code>'error'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-finish">Event: <code>'finish'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-pipe">Event: <code>'pipe'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-unpipe">Event: <code>'unpipe'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablecork"><code>writable.cork()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writabledestroyerror"><code>writable.destroy([error])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writabledestroyed"><code>writable.destroyed</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writableendchunk-encoding-callback"><code>writable.end([chunk[, encoding]][, callback])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablesetdefaultencodingencoding"><code>writable.setDefaultEncoding(encoding)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writableuncork"><code>writable.uncork()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablewritable"><code>writable.writable</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablewritableended"><code>writable.writableEnded</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablewritablecorked"><code>writable.writableCorked</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablewritablefinished"><code>writable.writableFinished</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablewritablehighwatermark"><code>writable.writableHighWaterMark</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablewritablelength"><code>writable.writableLength</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablewritableneeddrain"><code>writable.writableNeedDrain</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablewritableobjectmode"><code>writable.writableObjectMode</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablewritechunk-encoding-callback"><code>writable.write(chunk[, encoding][, callback])</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#readable-streams">Readable streams</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#two-reading-modes">Two reading modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#three-states">Three states</a></li>
<li><a href="#choose-one-api-style">Choose one API style</a></li>
<li><a href="#class-streamreadable">Class: <code>stream.Readable</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#event-close_1">Event: <code>'close'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-data">Event: <code>'data'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-end">Event: <code>'end'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-error_1">Event: <code>'error'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-pause">Event: <code>'pause'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-readable">Event: <code>'readable'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-resume">Event: <code>'resume'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readabledestroyerror"><code>readable.destroy([error])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readabledestroyed"><code>readable.destroyed</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readableispaused"><code>readable.isPaused()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablepause"><code>readable.pause()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablepipedestination-options"><code>readable.pipe(destination[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablereadsize"><code>readable.read([size])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablereadable"><code>readable.readable</code></a></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readablereadableaborted"><code>readable.readableAborted</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readablereadabledidread"><code>readable.readableDidRead</code></a></span></li>
<li><a href="#readablereadableencoding"><code>readable.readableEncoding</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablereadableended"><code>readable.readableEnded</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablereadableflowing"><code>readable.readableFlowing</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablereadablehighwatermark"><code>readable.readableHighWaterMark</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablereadablelength"><code>readable.readableLength</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablereadableobjectmode"><code>readable.readableObjectMode</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readableresume"><code>readable.resume()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablesetencodingencoding"><code>readable.setEncoding(encoding)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readableunpipedestination"><code>readable.unpipe([destination])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readableunshiftchunk-encoding"><code>readable.unshift(chunk[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablewrapstream"><code>readable.wrap(stream)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablesymbolasynciterator"><code>readable[Symbol.asyncIterator]()</code></a></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readableiteratoroptions"><code>readable.iterator([options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readablemapfn-options"><code>readable.map(fn[, options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readablefilterfn-options"><code>readable.filter(fn[, options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readableforeachfn-options"><code>readable.forEach(fn[, options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readabletoarrayoptions"><code>readable.toArray([options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readablesomefn-options"><code>readable.some(fn[, options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readableeveryfn-options"><code>readable.every(fn[, options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readableflatmapfn-options"><code>readable.flatMap(fn[, options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readabledroplimit-options"><code>readable.drop(limit[, options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readabletakelimit-options"><code>readable.take(limit[, options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readableasindexedpairsoptions"><code>readable.asIndexedPairs([options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readablereducefn-initial-options"><code>readable.reduce(fn[, initial[, options]])</code></a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#duplex-and-transform-streams">Duplex and transform streams</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#class-streamduplex">Class: <code>stream.Duplex</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#duplexallowhalfopen"><code>duplex.allowHalfOpen</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-streamtransform">Class: <code>stream.Transform</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#transformdestroyerror"><code>transform.destroy([error])</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#streamfinishedstream-options-callback"><code>stream.finished(stream[, options], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#streampipelinesource-transforms-destination-callback"><code>stream.pipeline(source[, ...transforms], destination, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#streampipelinestreams-callback"><code>stream.pipeline(streams, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#streamcomposestreams"><code>stream.compose(...streams)</code></a></span></li>
<li><a href="#streamreadablefromiterable-options"><code>stream.Readable.from(iterable[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#streamreadableisdisturbedstream"><code>stream.Readable.isDisturbed(stream)</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#streamiserroredstream"><code>stream.isErrored(stream)</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#streamisreadablestream"><code>stream.isReadable(stream)</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#streamreadabletowebstreamreadable"><code>stream.Readable.toWeb(streamReadable)</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#streamwritablefromwebwritablestream-options"><code>stream.Writable.fromWeb(writableStream[, options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#streamwritabletowebstreamwritable"><code>stream.Writable.toWeb(streamWritable)</code></a></span></li>
<li><a href="#streamduplexfromsrc"><code>stream.Duplex.from(src)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#streamaddabortsignalsignal-stream"><code>stream.addAbortSignal(signal, stream)</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#api-for-stream-implementers">API for stream implementers</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#simplified-construction">Simplified construction</a></li>
<li><a href="#implementing-a-writable-stream">Implementing a writable stream</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#new-streamwritableoptions"><code>new stream.Writable([options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writable_constructcallback"><code>writable._construct(callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writable_writechunk-encoding-callback"><code>writable._write(chunk, encoding, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writable_writevchunks-callback"><code>writable._writev(chunks, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writable_destroyerr-callback"><code>writable._destroy(err, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writable_finalcallback"><code>writable._final(callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#errors-while-writing">Errors while writing</a></li>
<li><a href="#an-example-writable-stream">An example writable stream</a></li>
<li><a href="#decoding-buffers-in-a-writable-stream">Decoding buffers in a writable stream</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#implementing-a-readable-stream">Implementing a readable stream</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#new-streamreadableoptions"><code>new stream.Readable([options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readable_constructcallback"><code>readable._construct(callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readable_readsize"><code>readable._read(size)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readable_destroyerr-callback"><code>readable._destroy(err, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablepushchunk-encoding"><code>readable.push(chunk[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#errors-while-reading">Errors while reading</a></li>
<li><a href="#an-example-counting-stream">An example counting stream</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#implementing-a-duplex-stream">Implementing a duplex stream</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#new-streamduplexoptions"><code>new stream.Duplex(options)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#an-example-duplex-stream">An example duplex stream</a></li>
<li><a href="#object-mode-duplex-streams">Object mode duplex streams</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#implementing-a-transform-stream">Implementing a transform stream</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#new-streamtransformoptions"><code>new stream.Transform([options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-end_1">Event: <code>'end'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-finish_1">Event: <code>'finish'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#transform_flushcallback"><code>transform._flush(callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#transform_transformchunk-encoding-callback"><code>transform._transform(chunk, encoding, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#class-streampassthrough">Class: <code>stream.PassThrough</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#additional-notes">Additional notes</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#streams-compatibility-with-async-generators-and-async-iterators">Streams compatibility with async generators and async iterators</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#consuming-readable-streams-with-async-iterators">Consuming readable streams with async iterators</a></li>
<li><a href="#creating-readable-streams-with-async-generators">Creating readable streams with async generators</a></li>
<li><a href="#piping-to-writable-streams-from-async-iterators">Piping to writable streams from async iterators</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#compatibility-with-older-nodejs-versions">Compatibility with older Node.js versions</a></li>
<li><a href="#readableread0"><code>readable.read(0)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablepush"><code>readable.push('')</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#highwatermark-discrepancy-after-calling-readablesetencoding"><code>highWaterMark</code> discrepancy after calling <code>readable.setEncoding()</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
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Other versions
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<div class="picker"><ol id="alt-docs"><li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v18.x/api/stream.html">18.x</a></li>
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<li><a href="https://nodejs.org/docs/latest-v0.10.x/api/stream.html">0.10.x</a></li></ol></div>
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<a href="all.html">View on single page</a>
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<a href="stream.json">View as JSON</a>
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<hr>
</header>
<details id="toc" open><summary>Table of contents</summary><ul>
<li><span class="stability_2"><a href="#stream">Stream</a></span>
<ul>
<li><a href="#organization-of-this-document">Organization of this document</a></li>
<li><a href="#types-of-streams">Types of streams</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#streams-promises-api">Streams Promises API</a></li>
<li><a href="#object-mode">Object mode</a></li>
<li><a href="#buffering">Buffering</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#api-for-stream-consumers">API for stream consumers</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#writable-streams">Writable streams</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#class-streamwritable">Class: <code>stream.Writable</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#event-close">Event: <code>'close'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-drain">Event: <code>'drain'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-error">Event: <code>'error'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-finish">Event: <code>'finish'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-pipe">Event: <code>'pipe'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-unpipe">Event: <code>'unpipe'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablecork"><code>writable.cork()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writabledestroyerror"><code>writable.destroy([error])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writabledestroyed"><code>writable.destroyed</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writableendchunk-encoding-callback"><code>writable.end([chunk[, encoding]][, callback])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablesetdefaultencodingencoding"><code>writable.setDefaultEncoding(encoding)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writableuncork"><code>writable.uncork()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablewritable"><code>writable.writable</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablewritableended"><code>writable.writableEnded</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablewritablecorked"><code>writable.writableCorked</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablewritablefinished"><code>writable.writableFinished</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablewritablehighwatermark"><code>writable.writableHighWaterMark</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablewritablelength"><code>writable.writableLength</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablewritableneeddrain"><code>writable.writableNeedDrain</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablewritableobjectmode"><code>writable.writableObjectMode</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writablewritechunk-encoding-callback"><code>writable.write(chunk[, encoding][, callback])</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#readable-streams">Readable streams</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#two-reading-modes">Two reading modes</a></li>
<li><a href="#three-states">Three states</a></li>
<li><a href="#choose-one-api-style">Choose one API style</a></li>
<li><a href="#class-streamreadable">Class: <code>stream.Readable</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#event-close_1">Event: <code>'close'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-data">Event: <code>'data'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-end">Event: <code>'end'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-error_1">Event: <code>'error'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-pause">Event: <code>'pause'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-readable">Event: <code>'readable'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-resume">Event: <code>'resume'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readabledestroyerror"><code>readable.destroy([error])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readabledestroyed"><code>readable.destroyed</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readableispaused"><code>readable.isPaused()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablepause"><code>readable.pause()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablepipedestination-options"><code>readable.pipe(destination[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablereadsize"><code>readable.read([size])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablereadable"><code>readable.readable</code></a></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readablereadableaborted"><code>readable.readableAborted</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readablereadabledidread"><code>readable.readableDidRead</code></a></span></li>
<li><a href="#readablereadableencoding"><code>readable.readableEncoding</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablereadableended"><code>readable.readableEnded</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablereadableflowing"><code>readable.readableFlowing</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablereadablehighwatermark"><code>readable.readableHighWaterMark</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablereadablelength"><code>readable.readableLength</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablereadableobjectmode"><code>readable.readableObjectMode</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readableresume"><code>readable.resume()</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablesetencodingencoding"><code>readable.setEncoding(encoding)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readableunpipedestination"><code>readable.unpipe([destination])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readableunshiftchunk-encoding"><code>readable.unshift(chunk[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablewrapstream"><code>readable.wrap(stream)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablesymbolasynciterator"><code>readable[Symbol.asyncIterator]()</code></a></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readableiteratoroptions"><code>readable.iterator([options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readablemapfn-options"><code>readable.map(fn[, options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readablefilterfn-options"><code>readable.filter(fn[, options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readableforeachfn-options"><code>readable.forEach(fn[, options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readabletoarrayoptions"><code>readable.toArray([options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readablesomefn-options"><code>readable.some(fn[, options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readableeveryfn-options"><code>readable.every(fn[, options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readableflatmapfn-options"><code>readable.flatMap(fn[, options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readabledroplimit-options"><code>readable.drop(limit[, options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readabletakelimit-options"><code>readable.take(limit[, options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readableasindexedpairsoptions"><code>readable.asIndexedPairs([options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#readablereducefn-initial-options"><code>readable.reduce(fn[, initial[, options]])</code></a></span></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#duplex-and-transform-streams">Duplex and transform streams</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#class-streamduplex">Class: <code>stream.Duplex</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#duplexallowhalfopen"><code>duplex.allowHalfOpen</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#class-streamtransform">Class: <code>stream.Transform</code></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#transformdestroyerror"><code>transform.destroy([error])</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#streamfinishedstream-options-callback"><code>stream.finished(stream[, options], callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#streampipelinesource-transforms-destination-callback"><code>stream.pipeline(source[, ...transforms], destination, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#streampipelinestreams-callback"><code>stream.pipeline(streams, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#streamcomposestreams"><code>stream.compose(...streams)</code></a></span></li>
<li><a href="#streamreadablefromiterable-options"><code>stream.Readable.from(iterable[, options])</code></a></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#streamreadableisdisturbedstream"><code>stream.Readable.isDisturbed(stream)</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#streamiserroredstream"><code>stream.isErrored(stream)</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#streamisreadablestream"><code>stream.isReadable(stream)</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#streamreadabletowebstreamreadable"><code>stream.Readable.toWeb(streamReadable)</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#streamwritablefromwebwritablestream-options"><code>stream.Writable.fromWeb(writableStream[, options])</code></a></span></li>
<li><span class="stability_1"><a href="#streamwritabletowebstreamwritable"><code>stream.Writable.toWeb(streamWritable)</code></a></span></li>
<li><a href="#streamduplexfromsrc"><code>stream.Duplex.from(src)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#streamaddabortsignalsignal-stream"><code>stream.addAbortSignal(signal, stream)</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#api-for-stream-implementers">API for stream implementers</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#simplified-construction">Simplified construction</a></li>
<li><a href="#implementing-a-writable-stream">Implementing a writable stream</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#new-streamwritableoptions"><code>new stream.Writable([options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writable_constructcallback"><code>writable._construct(callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writable_writechunk-encoding-callback"><code>writable._write(chunk, encoding, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writable_writevchunks-callback"><code>writable._writev(chunks, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writable_destroyerr-callback"><code>writable._destroy(err, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#writable_finalcallback"><code>writable._final(callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#errors-while-writing">Errors while writing</a></li>
<li><a href="#an-example-writable-stream">An example writable stream</a></li>
<li><a href="#decoding-buffers-in-a-writable-stream">Decoding buffers in a writable stream</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#implementing-a-readable-stream">Implementing a readable stream</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#new-streamreadableoptions"><code>new stream.Readable([options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readable_constructcallback"><code>readable._construct(callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readable_readsize"><code>readable._read(size)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readable_destroyerr-callback"><code>readable._destroy(err, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablepushchunk-encoding"><code>readable.push(chunk[, encoding])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#errors-while-reading">Errors while reading</a></li>
<li><a href="#an-example-counting-stream">An example counting stream</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#implementing-a-duplex-stream">Implementing a duplex stream</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#new-streamduplexoptions"><code>new stream.Duplex(options)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#an-example-duplex-stream">An example duplex stream</a></li>
<li><a href="#object-mode-duplex-streams">Object mode duplex streams</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#implementing-a-transform-stream">Implementing a transform stream</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#new-streamtransformoptions"><code>new stream.Transform([options])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-end_1">Event: <code>'end'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#event-finish_1">Event: <code>'finish'</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#transform_flushcallback"><code>transform._flush(callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#transform_transformchunk-encoding-callback"><code>transform._transform(chunk, encoding, callback)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#class-streampassthrough">Class: <code>stream.PassThrough</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#additional-notes">Additional notes</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#streams-compatibility-with-async-generators-and-async-iterators">Streams compatibility with async generators and async iterators</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#consuming-readable-streams-with-async-iterators">Consuming readable streams with async iterators</a></li>
<li><a href="#creating-readable-streams-with-async-generators">Creating readable streams with async generators</a></li>
<li><a href="#piping-to-writable-streams-from-async-iterators">Piping to writable streams from async iterators</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#compatibility-with-older-nodejs-versions">Compatibility with older Node.js versions</a></li>
<li><a href="#readableread0"><code>readable.read(0)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#readablepush"><code>readable.push('')</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#highwatermark-discrepancy-after-calling-readablesetencoding"><code>highWaterMark</code> discrepancy after calling <code>readable.setEncoding()</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul></details>
<div id="apicontent">
<h2>Stream<a class="srclink" href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/c98901f00d4b31a9a4b14d161177a7d9a64e36f7/lib/stream.js#L47">[src]</a><span><a class="mark" href="#stream" id="stream">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_stream"></a></h2>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_2"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 2</a> - Stable</div><p></p>
<p><strong>Source Code:</strong> <a href="https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/v16.16.0/lib/stream.js">lib/stream.js</a></p>
<p>A stream is an abstract interface for working with streaming data in Node.js.
The <code>stream</code> module provides an API for implementing the stream interface.</p>
<p>There are many stream objects provided by Node.js. For instance, a
<a href="http.html#class-httpincomingmessage">request to an HTTP server</a> and <a href="process.html#processstdout"><code>process.stdout</code></a>
are both stream instances.</p>
<p>Streams can be readable, writable, or both. All streams are instances of
<a href="events.html#class-eventemitter"><code>EventEmitter</code></a>.</p>
<p>To access the <code>stream</code> module:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> stream = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);</code></pre>
<p>The <code>stream</code> module is useful for creating new types of stream instances. It is
usually not necessary to use the <code>stream</code> module to consume streams.</p>
<section><h3>Organization of this document<span><a class="mark" href="#organization-of-this-document" id="organization-of-this-document">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_organization_of_this_document"></a></h3>
<p>This document contains two primary sections and a third section for notes. The
first section explains how to use existing streams within an application. The
second section explains how to create new types of streams.</p>
</section><section><h3>Types of streams<span><a class="mark" href="#types-of-streams" id="types-of-streams">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_types_of_streams"></a></h3>
<p>There are four fundamental stream types within Node.js:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a>: streams to which data can be written (for example,
<a href="fs.html#fscreatewritestreampath-options"><code>fs.createWriteStream()</code></a>).</li>
<li><a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a>: streams from which data can be read (for example,
<a href="fs.html#fscreatereadstreampath-options"><code>fs.createReadStream()</code></a>).</li>
<li><a href="#class-streamduplex"><code>Duplex</code></a>: streams that are both <code>Readable</code> and <code>Writable</code> (for example,
<a href="net.html#class-netsocket"><code>net.Socket</code></a>).</li>
<li><a href="#class-streamtransform"><code>Transform</code></a>: <code>Duplex</code> streams that can modify or transform the data as it
is written and read (for example, <a href="zlib.html#zlibcreatedeflateoptions"><code>zlib.createDeflate()</code></a>).</li>
</ul>
<p>Additionally, this module includes the utility functions
<a href="#streampipelinesource-transforms-destination-callback"><code>stream.pipeline()</code></a>, <a href="#streamfinishedstream-options-callback"><code>stream.finished()</code></a>, <a href="#streamreadablefromiterable-options"><code>stream.Readable.from()</code></a>
and <a href="#streamaddabortsignalsignal-stream"><code>stream.addAbortSignal()</code></a>.</p>
<h4>Streams Promises API<span><a class="mark" href="#streams-promises-api" id="streams-promises-api">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_streams_promises_api"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.0.0</span>
</div>
<p>The <code>stream/promises</code> API provides an alternative set of asynchronous utility
functions for streams that return <code>Promise</code> objects rather than using
callbacks. The API is accessible via <code>require('stream/promises')</code>
or <code>require('stream').promises</code>.</p>
<h4>Object mode<span><a class="mark" href="#object-mode" id="object-mode">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_object_mode"></a></h4>
<p>All streams created by Node.js APIs operate exclusively on strings and <code>Buffer</code>
(or <code>Uint8Array</code>) objects. It is possible, however, for stream implementations
to work with other types of JavaScript values (with the exception of <code>null</code>,
which serves a special purpose within streams). Such streams are considered to
operate in "object mode".</p>
<p>Stream instances are switched into object mode using the <code>objectMode</code> option
when the stream is created. Attempting to switch an existing stream into
object mode is not safe.</p>
<h4>Buffering<span><a class="mark" href="#buffering" id="buffering">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_buffering"></a></h4>
<p>Both <a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a> and <a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a> streams will store data in an internal
buffer.</p>
<p>The amount of data potentially buffered depends on the <code>highWaterMark</code> option
passed into the stream's constructor. For normal streams, the <code>highWaterMark</code>
option specifies a <a href="#highwatermark-discrepancy-after-calling-readablesetencoding">total number of bytes</a>. For streams operating
in object mode, the <code>highWaterMark</code> specifies a total number of objects.</p>
<p>Data is buffered in <code>Readable</code> streams when the implementation calls
<a href="#readablepushchunk-encoding"><code>stream.push(chunk)</code></a>. If the consumer of the Stream does not
call <a href="#readablereadsize"><code>stream.read()</code></a>, the data will sit in the internal
queue until it is consumed.</p>
<p>Once the total size of the internal read buffer reaches the threshold specified
by <code>highWaterMark</code>, the stream will temporarily stop reading data from the
underlying resource until the data currently buffered can be consumed (that is,
the stream will stop calling the internal <a href="#readable_readsize"><code>readable._read()</code></a> method that is
used to fill the read buffer).</p>
<p>Data is buffered in <code>Writable</code> streams when the
<a href="#writablewritechunk-encoding-callback"><code>writable.write(chunk)</code></a> method is called repeatedly. While the
total size of the internal write buffer is below the threshold set by
<code>highWaterMark</code>, calls to <code>writable.write()</code> will return <code>true</code>. Once
the size of the internal buffer reaches or exceeds the <code>highWaterMark</code>, <code>false</code>
will be returned.</p>
<p>A key goal of the <code>stream</code> API, particularly the <a href="#readablepipedestination-options"><code>stream.pipe()</code></a> method,
is to limit the buffering of data to acceptable levels such that sources and
destinations of differing speeds will not overwhelm the available memory.</p>
<p>The <code>highWaterMark</code> option is a threshold, not a limit: it dictates the amount
of data that a stream buffers before it stops asking for more data. It does not
enforce a strict memory limitation in general. Specific stream implementations
may choose to enforce stricter limits but doing so is optional.</p>
<p>Because <a href="#class-streamduplex"><code>Duplex</code></a> and <a href="#class-streamtransform"><code>Transform</code></a> streams are both <code>Readable</code> and
<code>Writable</code>, each maintains <em>two</em> separate internal buffers used for reading and
writing, allowing each side to operate independently of the other while
maintaining an appropriate and efficient flow of data. For example,
<a href="net.html#class-netsocket"><code>net.Socket</code></a> instances are <a href="#class-streamduplex"><code>Duplex</code></a> streams whose <code>Readable</code> side allows
consumption of data received <em>from</em> the socket and whose <code>Writable</code> side allows
writing data <em>to</em> the socket. Because data may be written to the socket at a
faster or slower rate than data is received, each side should
operate (and buffer) independently of the other.</p>
<p>The mechanics of the internal buffering are an internal implementation detail
and may be changed at any time. However, for certain advanced implementations,
the internal buffers can be retrieved using <code>writable.writableBuffer</code> or
<code>readable.readableBuffer</code>. Use of these undocumented properties is discouraged.</p>
</section><section><h3>API for stream consumers<span><a class="mark" href="#api-for-stream-consumers" id="api-for-stream-consumers">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_api_for_stream_consumers"></a></h3>
<p>Almost all Node.js applications, no matter how simple, use streams in some
manner. The following is an example of using streams in a Node.js application
that implements an HTTP server:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> http = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'http'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> server = http.<span class="hljs-title function_">createServer</span>(<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">req, res</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// `req` is an http.IncomingMessage, which is a readable stream.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// `res` is an http.ServerResponse, which is a writable stream.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> body = <span class="hljs-string">''</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// Get the data as utf8 strings.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// If an encoding is not set, Buffer objects will be received.</span>
req.<span class="hljs-title function_">setEncoding</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Readable streams emit 'data' events once a listener is added.</span>
req.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'data'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">chunk</span>) =></span> {
body += chunk;
});
<span class="hljs-comment">// The 'end' event indicates that the entire body has been received.</span>
req.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'end'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">try</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> data = <span class="hljs-title class_">JSON</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">parse</span>(body);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Write back something interesting to the user:</span>
res.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">typeof</span> data);
res.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>();
} <span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span> (er) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// uh oh! bad json!</span>
res.<span class="hljs-property">statusCode</span> = <span class="hljs-number">400</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> res.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`error: <span class="hljs-subst">${er.message}</span>`</span>);
}
});
});
server.<span class="hljs-title function_">listen</span>(<span class="hljs-number">1337</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// $ curl localhost:1337 -d "{}"</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// object</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// $ curl localhost:1337 -d "\"foo\""</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// string</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// $ curl localhost:1337 -d "not json"</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// error: Unexpected token o in JSON at position 1</span></code></pre>
<p><a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a> streams (such as <code>res</code> in the example) expose methods such as
<code>write()</code> and <code>end()</code> that are used to write data onto the stream.</p>
<p><a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a> streams use the <a href="events.html#class-eventemitter"><code>EventEmitter</code></a> API for notifying application
code when data is available to be read off the stream. That available data can
be read from the stream in multiple ways.</p>
<p>Both <a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a> and <a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a> streams use the <a href="events.html#class-eventemitter"><code>EventEmitter</code></a> API in
various ways to communicate the current state of the stream.</p>
<p><a href="#class-streamduplex"><code>Duplex</code></a> and <a href="#class-streamtransform"><code>Transform</code></a> streams are both <a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a> and
<a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a>.</p>
<p>Applications that are either writing data to or consuming data from a stream
are not required to implement the stream interfaces directly and will generally
have no reason to call <code>require('stream')</code>.</p>
<p>Developers wishing to implement new types of streams should refer to the
section <a href="#api-for-stream-implementers">API for stream implementers</a>.</p>
<h4>Writable streams<span><a class="mark" href="#writable-streams" id="writable-streams">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_streams"></a></h4>
<p>Writable streams are an abstraction for a <em>destination</em> to which data is
written.</p>
<p>Examples of <a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a> streams include:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http.html#class-httpclientrequest">HTTP requests, on the client</a></li>
<li><a href="http.html#class-httpserverresponse">HTTP responses, on the server</a></li>
<li><a href="fs.html#class-fswritestream">fs write streams</a></li>
<li><a href="zlib.html">zlib streams</a></li>
<li><a href="crypto.html">crypto streams</a></li>
<li><a href="net.html#class-netsocket">TCP sockets</a></li>
<li><a href="child_process.html#subprocessstdin">child process stdin</a></li>
<li><a href="process.html#processstdout"><code>process.stdout</code></a>, <a href="process.html#processstderr"><code>process.stderr</code></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Some of these examples are actually <a href="#class-streamduplex"><code>Duplex</code></a> streams that implement the
<a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a> interface.</p>
<p>All <a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a> streams implement the interface defined by the
<code>stream.Writable</code> class.</p>
<p>While specific instances of <a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a> streams may differ in various ways,
all <code>Writable</code> streams follow the same fundamental usage pattern as illustrated
in the example below:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> myStream = <span class="hljs-title function_">getWritableStreamSomehow</span>();
myStream.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some data'</span>);
myStream.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some more data'</span>);
myStream.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'done writing data'</span>);</code></pre>
<h5>Class: <code>stream.Writable</code><span><a class="mark" href="#class-streamwritable" id="class-streamwritable">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_class_stream_writable"></a></h5>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<h6>Event: <code>'close'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#event-close" id="event-close">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_event_close"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>Add <code>emitClose</code> option to specify if <code>'close'</code> is emitted on destroy.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.9.4</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.9.4</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<p>The <code>'close'</code> event is emitted when the stream and any of its underlying
resources (a file descriptor, for example) have been closed. The event indicates
that no more events will be emitted, and no further computation will occur.</p>
<p>A <a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a> stream will always emit the <code>'close'</code> event if it is
created with the <code>emitClose</code> option.</p>
<h6>Event: <code>'drain'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#event-drain" id="event-drain">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_event_drain"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<p>If a call to <a href="#writablewritechunk-encoding-callback"><code>stream.write(chunk)</code></a> returns <code>false</code>, the
<code>'drain'</code> event will be emitted when it is appropriate to resume writing data
to the stream.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-comment">// Write the data to the supplied writable stream one million times.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Be attentive to back-pressure.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">writeOneMillionTimes</span>(<span class="hljs-params">writer, data, encoding, callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> i = <span class="hljs-number">1000000</span>;
<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> ok = <span class="hljs-literal">true</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">do</span> {
i--;
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (i === <span class="hljs-number">0</span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Last time!</span>
writer.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(data, encoding, callback);
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// See if we should continue, or wait.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Don't pass the callback, because we're not done yet.</span>
ok = writer.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(data, encoding);
}
} <span class="hljs-keyword">while</span> (i > <span class="hljs-number">0</span> && ok);
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (i > <span class="hljs-number">0</span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Had to stop early!</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Write some more once it drains.</span>
writer.<span class="hljs-title function_">once</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'drain'</span>, write);
}
}
}</code></pre>
<h6>Event: <code>'error'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#event-error" id="event-error">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_event_error"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>'error'</code> event is emitted if an error occurred while writing or piping
data. The listener callback is passed a single <code>Error</code> argument when called.</p>
<p>The stream is closed when the <code>'error'</code> event is emitted unless the
<a href="#new-streamwritableoptions"><code>autoDestroy</code></a> option was set to <code>false</code> when creating the
stream.</p>
<p>After <code>'error'</code>, no further events other than <code>'close'</code> <em>should</em> be emitted
(including <code>'error'</code> events).</p>
<h6>Event: <code>'finish'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#event-finish" id="event-finish">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_event_finish"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<p>The <code>'finish'</code> event is emitted after the <a href="#writableendchunk-encoding-callback"><code>stream.end()</code></a> method
has been called, and all data has been flushed to the underlying system.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> writer = <span class="hljs-title function_">getWritableStreamSomehow</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> i = <span class="hljs-number">0</span>; i < <span class="hljs-number">100</span>; i++) {
writer.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`hello, #<span class="hljs-subst">${i}</span>!\n`</span>);
}
writer.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'finish'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'All writes are now complete.'</span>);
});
writer.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'This is the end\n'</span>);</code></pre>
<h6>Event: <code>'pipe'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#event-pipe" id="event-pipe">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_event_pipe"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>src</code> <a href="stream.html#class-streamreadable" class="type"><stream.Readable></a> source stream that is piping to this writable</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>'pipe'</code> event is emitted when the <a href="#readablepipedestination-options"><code>stream.pipe()</code></a> method is called on
a readable stream, adding this writable to its set of destinations.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> writer = <span class="hljs-title function_">getWritableStreamSomehow</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> reader = <span class="hljs-title function_">getReadableStreamSomehow</span>();
writer.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'pipe'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">src</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Something is piping into the writer.'</span>);
assert.<span class="hljs-title function_">equal</span>(src, reader);
});
reader.<span class="hljs-title function_">pipe</span>(writer);</code></pre>
<h6>Event: <code>'unpipe'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#event-unpipe" id="event-unpipe">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_event_unpipe"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>src</code> <a href="stream.html#class-streamreadable" class="type"><stream.Readable></a> The source stream that
<a href="#readableunpipedestination">unpiped</a> this writable</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>'unpipe'</code> event is emitted when the <a href="#readableunpipedestination"><code>stream.unpipe()</code></a> method is called
on a <a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a> stream, removing this <a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a> from its set of
destinations.</p>
<p>This is also emitted in case this <a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a> stream emits an error when a
<a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a> stream pipes into it.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> writer = <span class="hljs-title function_">getWritableStreamSomehow</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> reader = <span class="hljs-title function_">getReadableStreamSomehow</span>();
writer.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'unpipe'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">src</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Something has stopped piping into the writer.'</span>);
assert.<span class="hljs-title function_">equal</span>(src, reader);
});
reader.<span class="hljs-title function_">pipe</span>(writer);
reader.<span class="hljs-title function_">unpipe</span>(writer);</code></pre>
<h6><code>writable.cork()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#writablecork" id="writablecork">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_cork"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.2</span>
</div>
<p>The <code>writable.cork()</code> method forces all written data to be buffered in memory.
The buffered data will be flushed when either the <a href="#writableuncork"><code>stream.uncork()</code></a> or
<a href="#writableendchunk-encoding-callback"><code>stream.end()</code></a> methods are called.</p>
<p>The primary intent of <code>writable.cork()</code> is to accommodate a situation in which
several small chunks are written to the stream in rapid succession. Instead of
immediately forwarding them to the underlying destination, <code>writable.cork()</code>
buffers all the chunks until <code>writable.uncork()</code> is called, which will pass them
all to <code>writable._writev()</code>, if present. This prevents a head-of-line blocking
situation where data is being buffered while waiting for the first small chunk
to be processed. However, use of <code>writable.cork()</code> without implementing
<code>writable._writev()</code> may have an adverse effect on throughput.</p>
<p>See also: <a href="#writableuncork"><code>writable.uncork()</code></a>, <a href="#writable_writevchunks-callback"><code>writable._writev()</code></a>.</p>
<h6><code>writable.destroy([error])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#writabledestroyerror" id="writabledestroyerror">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_destroy_error"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v14.0.0</td>
<td><p>Work as a no-op on a stream that has already been destroyed.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v8.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v8.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>error</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a> Optional, an error to emit with <code>'error'</code> event.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/this" class="type"><this></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Destroy the stream. Optionally emit an <code>'error'</code> event, and emit a <code>'close'</code>
event (unless <code>emitClose</code> is set to <code>false</code>). After this call, the writable
stream has ended and subsequent calls to <code>write()</code> or <code>end()</code> will result in
an <code>ERR_STREAM_DESTROYED</code> error.
This is a destructive and immediate way to destroy a stream. Previous calls to
<code>write()</code> may not have drained, and may trigger an <code>ERR_STREAM_DESTROYED</code> error.
Use <code>end()</code> instead of destroy if data should flush before close, or wait for
the <code>'drain'</code> event before destroying the stream.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> myStream = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> fooErr = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Error</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'foo error'</span>);
myStream.<span class="hljs-title function_">destroy</span>(fooErr);
myStream.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'error'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">fooErr</span>) =></span> <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">error</span>(fooErr.<span class="hljs-property">message</span>)); <span class="hljs-comment">// foo error</span></code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> myStream = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span>();
myStream.<span class="hljs-title function_">destroy</span>();
myStream.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'error'</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">wontHappen</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) {});</code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> myStream = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span>();
myStream.<span class="hljs-title function_">destroy</span>();
myStream.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'foo'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">error</span>) =></span> <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">error</span>(error.<span class="hljs-property">code</span>));
<span class="hljs-comment">// ERR_STREAM_DESTROYED</span></code></pre>
<p>Once <code>destroy()</code> has been called any further calls will be a no-op and no
further errors except from <code>_destroy()</code> may be emitted as <code>'error'</code>.</p>
<p>Implementors should not override this method,
but instead implement <a href="#writable_destroyerr-callback"><code>writable._destroy()</code></a>.</p>
<h6><code>writable.destroyed</code><span><a class="mark" href="#writabledestroyed" id="writabledestroyed">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_destroyed"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v8.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Is <code>true</code> after <a href="#writabledestroyerror"><code>writable.destroy()</code></a> has been called.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js cjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> myStream = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span>();
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(myStream.<span class="hljs-property">destroyed</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// false</span>
myStream.<span class="hljs-title function_">destroy</span>();
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(myStream.<span class="hljs-property">destroyed</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// true</span></code></pre>
<h6><code>writable.end([chunk[, encoding]][, callback])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#writableendchunk-encoding-callback" id="writableendchunk-encoding-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_end_chunk_encoding_callback"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v15.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> is invoked before 'finish' or on error.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v14.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>callback</code> is invoked if 'finish' or 'error' is emitted.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>This method now returns a reference to <code>writable</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v8.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>chunk</code> argument can now be a <code>Uint8Array</code> instance.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.9.4</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.9.4</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>chunk</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint8Array" class="type"><Uint8Array></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Data_types" class="type"><any></a> Optional data to write. For streams
not operating in object mode, <code>chunk</code> must be a string, <code>Buffer</code> or
<code>Uint8Array</code>. For object mode streams, <code>chunk</code> may be any JavaScript value
other than <code>null</code>.</li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The encoding if <code>chunk</code> is a string</li>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> Callback for when the stream is finished.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/this" class="type"><this></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Calling the <code>writable.end()</code> method signals that no more data will be written
to the <a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a>. The optional <code>chunk</code> and <code>encoding</code> arguments allow one
final additional chunk of data to be written immediately before closing the
stream.</p>
<p>Calling the <a href="#writablewritechunk-encoding-callback"><code>stream.write()</code></a> method after calling
<a href="#writableendchunk-encoding-callback"><code>stream.end()</code></a> will raise an error.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-comment">// Write 'hello, ' and then end with 'world!'.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> fs = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> file = fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createWriteStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'example.txt'</span>);
file.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hello, '</span>);
file.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'world!'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Writing more now is not allowed!</span></code></pre>
<h6><code>writable.setDefaultEncoding(encoding)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#writablesetdefaultencodingencoding" id="writablesetdefaultencodingencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_setdefaultencoding_encoding"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v6.1.0</td>
<td><p>This method now returns a reference to <code>writable</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.11.15</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.11.15</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The new default encoding</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/this" class="type"><this></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>writable.setDefaultEncoding()</code> method sets the default <code>encoding</code> for a
<a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a> stream.</p>
<h6><code>writable.uncork()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#writableuncork" id="writableuncork">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_uncork"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.2</span>
</div>
<p>The <code>writable.uncork()</code> method flushes all data buffered since
<a href="#writablecork"><code>stream.cork()</code></a> was called.</p>
<p>When using <a href="#writablecork"><code>writable.cork()</code></a> and <code>writable.uncork()</code> to manage the buffering
of writes to a stream, it is recommended that calls to <code>writable.uncork()</code> be
deferred using <code>process.nextTick()</code>. Doing so allows batching of all
<code>writable.write()</code> calls that occur within a given Node.js event loop phase.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">stream.<span class="hljs-title function_">cork</span>();
stream.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some '</span>);
stream.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'data '</span>);
process.<span class="hljs-title function_">nextTick</span>(<span class="hljs-function">() =></span> stream.<span class="hljs-title function_">uncork</span>());</code></pre>
<p>If the <a href="#writablecork"><code>writable.cork()</code></a> method is called multiple times on a stream, the
same number of calls to <code>writable.uncork()</code> must be called to flush the buffered
data.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">stream.<span class="hljs-title function_">cork</span>();
stream.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'some '</span>);
stream.<span class="hljs-title function_">cork</span>();
stream.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'data '</span>);
process.<span class="hljs-title function_">nextTick</span>(<span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
stream.<span class="hljs-title function_">uncork</span>();
<span class="hljs-comment">// The data will not be flushed until uncork() is called a second time.</span>
stream.<span class="hljs-title function_">uncork</span>();
});</code></pre>
<p>See also: <a href="#writablecork"><code>writable.cork()</code></a>.</p>
<h6><code>writable.writable</code><span><a class="mark" href="#writablewritable" id="writablewritable">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_writable"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v11.4.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Is <code>true</code> if it is safe to call <a href="#writablewritechunk-encoding-callback"><code>writable.write()</code></a>, which means
the stream has not been destroyed, errored or ended.</p>
<h6><code>writable.writableEnded</code><span><a class="mark" href="#writablewritableended" id="writablewritableended">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_writableended"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.9.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Is <code>true</code> after <a href="#writableendchunk-encoding-callback"><code>writable.end()</code></a> has been called. This property
does not indicate whether the data has been flushed, for this use
<a href="#writablewritablefinished"><code>writable.writableFinished</code></a> instead.</p>
<h6><code>writable.writableCorked</code><span><a class="mark" href="#writablewritablecorked" id="writablewritablecorked">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_writablecorked"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v13.2.0, v12.16.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><integer></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Number of times <a href="#writableuncork"><code>writable.uncork()</code></a> needs to be
called in order to fully uncork the stream.</p>
<h6><code>writable.writableFinished</code><span><a class="mark" href="#writablewritablefinished" id="writablewritablefinished">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_writablefinished"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.6.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Is set to <code>true</code> immediately before the <a href="#event-finish"><code>'finish'</code></a> event is emitted.</p>
<h6><code>writable.writableHighWaterMark</code><span><a class="mark" href="#writablewritablehighwatermark" id="writablewritablehighwatermark">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_writablehighwatermark"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v9.3.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Return the value of <code>highWaterMark</code> passed when creating this <code>Writable</code>.</p>
<h6><code>writable.writableLength</code><span><a class="mark" href="#writablewritablelength" id="writablewritablelength">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_writablelength"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v9.4.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a></li>
</ul>
<p>This property contains the number of bytes (or objects) in the queue
ready to be written. The value provides introspection data regarding
the status of the <code>highWaterMark</code>.</p>
<h6><code>writable.writableNeedDrain</code><span><a class="mark" href="#writablewritableneeddrain" id="writablewritableneeddrain">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_writableneeddrain"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.2.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Is <code>true</code> if the stream's buffer has been full and stream will emit <code>'drain'</code>.</p>
<h6><code>writable.writableObjectMode</code><span><a class="mark" href="#writablewritableobjectmode" id="writablewritableobjectmode">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_writableobjectmode"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.3.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Getter for the property <code>objectMode</code> of a given <code>Writable</code> stream.</p>
<h6><code>writable.write(chunk[, encoding][, callback])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#writablewritechunk-encoding-callback" id="writablewritechunk-encoding-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_write_chunk_encoding_callback"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v8.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>chunk</code> argument can now be a <code>Uint8Array</code> instance.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>Passing <code>null</code> as the <code>chunk</code> parameter will always be considered invalid now, even in object mode.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.9.4</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.9.4</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>chunk</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint8Array" class="type"><Uint8Array></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Data_types" class="type"><any></a> Optional data to write. For streams
not operating in object mode, <code>chunk</code> must be a string, <code>Buffer</code> or
<code>Uint8Array</code>. For object mode streams, <code>chunk</code> may be any JavaScript value
other than <code>null</code>.</li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> The encoding, if <code>chunk</code> is a string. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code></li>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> Callback for when this chunk of data is flushed.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <code>false</code> if the stream wishes for the calling code to
wait for the <code>'drain'</code> event to be emitted before continuing to write
additional data; otherwise <code>true</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>writable.write()</code> method writes some data to the stream, and calls the
supplied <code>callback</code> once the data has been fully handled. If an error
occurs, the <code>callback</code> will be called with the error as its
first argument. The <code>callback</code> is called asynchronously and before <code>'error'</code> is
emitted.</p>
<p>The return value is <code>true</code> if the internal buffer is less than the
<code>highWaterMark</code> configured when the stream was created after admitting <code>chunk</code>.
If <code>false</code> is returned, further attempts to write data to the stream should
stop until the <a href="#event-drain"><code>'drain'</code></a> event is emitted.</p>
<p>While a stream is not draining, calls to <code>write()</code> will buffer <code>chunk</code>, and
return false. Once all currently buffered chunks are drained (accepted for
delivery by the operating system), the <code>'drain'</code> event will be emitted.
It is recommended that once <code>write()</code> returns false, no more chunks be written
until the <code>'drain'</code> event is emitted. While calling <code>write()</code> on a stream that
is not draining is allowed, Node.js will buffer all written chunks until
maximum memory usage occurs, at which point it will abort unconditionally.
Even before it aborts, high memory usage will cause poor garbage collector
performance and high RSS (which is not typically released back to the system,
even after the memory is no longer required). Since TCP sockets may never
drain if the remote peer does not read the data, writing a socket that is
not draining may lead to a remotely exploitable vulnerability.</p>
<p>Writing data while the stream is not draining is particularly
problematic for a <a href="#class-streamtransform"><code>Transform</code></a>, because the <code>Transform</code> streams are paused
by default until they are piped or a <code>'data'</code> or <code>'readable'</code> event handler
is added.</p>
<p>If the data to be written can be generated or fetched on demand, it is
recommended to encapsulate the logic into a <a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a> and use
<a href="#readablepipedestination-options"><code>stream.pipe()</code></a>. However, if calling <code>write()</code> is preferred, it is
possible to respect backpressure and avoid memory issues using the
<a href="#event-drain"><code>'drain'</code></a> event:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-params">data, cb</span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (!stream.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(data)) {
stream.<span class="hljs-title function_">once</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'drain'</span>, cb);
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
process.<span class="hljs-title function_">nextTick</span>(cb);
}
}
<span class="hljs-comment">// Wait for cb to be called before doing any other write.</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hello'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Write completed, do more writes now.'</span>);
});</code></pre>
<p>A <code>Writable</code> stream in object mode will always ignore the <code>encoding</code> argument.</p>
<h4>Readable streams<span><a class="mark" href="#readable-streams" id="readable-streams">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_streams"></a></h4>
<p>Readable streams are an abstraction for a <em>source</em> from which data is
consumed.</p>
<p>Examples of <code>Readable</code> streams include:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http.html#class-httpincomingmessage">HTTP responses, on the client</a></li>
<li><a href="http.html#class-httpincomingmessage">HTTP requests, on the server</a></li>
<li><a href="fs.html#class-fsreadstream">fs read streams</a></li>
<li><a href="zlib.html">zlib streams</a></li>
<li><a href="crypto.html">crypto streams</a></li>
<li><a href="net.html#class-netsocket">TCP sockets</a></li>
<li><a href="child_process.html#subprocessstdout">child process stdout and stderr</a></li>
<li><a href="process.html#processstdin"><code>process.stdin</code></a></li>
</ul>
<p>All <a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a> streams implement the interface defined by the
<code>stream.Readable</code> class.</p>
<h5>Two reading modes<span><a class="mark" href="#two-reading-modes" id="two-reading-modes">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_two_reading_modes"></a></h5>
<p><code>Readable</code> streams effectively operate in one of two modes: flowing and
paused. These modes are separate from <a href="#object-mode">object mode</a>.
A <a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a> stream can be in object mode or not, regardless of whether
it is in flowing mode or paused mode.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>In flowing mode, data is read from the underlying system automatically
and provided to an application as quickly as possible using events via the
<a href="events.html#class-eventemitter"><code>EventEmitter</code></a> interface.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>In paused mode, the <a href="#readablereadsize"><code>stream.read()</code></a> method must be called
explicitly to read chunks of data from the stream.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>All <a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a> streams begin in paused mode but can be switched to flowing
mode in one of the following ways:</p>
<ul>
<li>Adding a <a href="#event-data"><code>'data'</code></a> event handler.</li>
<li>Calling the <a href="#readableresume"><code>stream.resume()</code></a> method.</li>
<li>Calling the <a href="#readablepipedestination-options"><code>stream.pipe()</code></a> method to send the data to a <a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a>.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>Readable</code> can switch back to paused mode using one of the following:</p>
<ul>
<li>If there are no pipe destinations, by calling the
<a href="#readablepause"><code>stream.pause()</code></a> method.</li>
<li>If there are pipe destinations, by removing all pipe destinations.
Multiple pipe destinations may be removed by calling the
<a href="#readableunpipedestination"><code>stream.unpipe()</code></a> method.</li>
</ul>
<p>The important concept to remember is that a <code>Readable</code> will not generate data
until a mechanism for either consuming or ignoring that data is provided. If
the consuming mechanism is disabled or taken away, the <code>Readable</code> will <em>attempt</em>
to stop generating the data.</p>
<p>For backward compatibility reasons, removing <a href="#event-data"><code>'data'</code></a> event handlers will
<strong>not</strong> automatically pause the stream. Also, if there are piped destinations,
then calling <a href="#readablepause"><code>stream.pause()</code></a> will not guarantee that the
stream will <em>remain</em> paused once those destinations drain and ask for more data.</p>
<p>If a <a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a> is switched into flowing mode and there are no consumers
available to handle the data, that data will be lost. This can occur, for
instance, when the <code>readable.resume()</code> method is called without a listener
attached to the <code>'data'</code> event, or when a <code>'data'</code> event handler is removed
from the stream.</p>
<p>Adding a <a href="#event-readable"><code>'readable'</code></a> event handler automatically makes the stream
stop flowing, and the data has to be consumed via
<a href="#readablereadsize"><code>readable.read()</code></a>. If the <a href="#event-readable"><code>'readable'</code></a> event handler is
removed, then the stream will start flowing again if there is a
<a href="#event-data"><code>'data'</code></a> event handler.</p>
<h5>Three states<span><a class="mark" href="#three-states" id="three-states">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_three_states"></a></h5>
<p>The "two modes" of operation for a <code>Readable</code> stream are a simplified
abstraction for the more complicated internal state management that is happening
within the <code>Readable</code> stream implementation.</p>
<p>Specifically, at any given point in time, every <code>Readable</code> is in one of three
possible states:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>readable.readableFlowing === null</code></li>
<li><code>readable.readableFlowing === false</code></li>
<li><code>readable.readableFlowing === true</code></li>
</ul>
<p>When <code>readable.readableFlowing</code> is <code>null</code>, no mechanism for consuming the
stream's data is provided. Therefore, the stream will not generate data.
While in this state, attaching a listener for the <code>'data'</code> event, calling the
<code>readable.pipe()</code> method, or calling the <code>readable.resume()</code> method will switch
<code>readable.readableFlowing</code> to <code>true</code>, causing the <code>Readable</code> to begin actively
emitting events as data is generated.</p>
<p>Calling <code>readable.pause()</code>, <code>readable.unpipe()</code>, or receiving backpressure
will cause the <code>readable.readableFlowing</code> to be set as <code>false</code>,
temporarily halting the flowing of events but <em>not</em> halting the generation of
data. While in this state, attaching a listener for the <code>'data'</code> event
will not switch <code>readable.readableFlowing</code> to <code>true</code>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">PassThrough</span>, <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> pass = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">PassThrough</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> writable = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span>();
pass.<span class="hljs-title function_">pipe</span>(writable);
pass.<span class="hljs-title function_">unpipe</span>(writable);
<span class="hljs-comment">// readableFlowing is now false.</span>
pass.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'data'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">chunk</span>) =></span> { <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(chunk.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>()); });
pass.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'ok'</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// Will not emit 'data'.</span>
pass.<span class="hljs-title function_">resume</span>(); <span class="hljs-comment">// Must be called to make stream emit 'data'.</span></code></pre>
<p>While <code>readable.readableFlowing</code> is <code>false</code>, data may be accumulating
within the stream's internal buffer.</p>
<h5>Choose one API style<span><a class="mark" href="#choose-one-api-style" id="choose-one-api-style">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_choose_one_api_style"></a></h5>
<p>The <code>Readable</code> stream API evolved across multiple Node.js versions and provides
multiple methods of consuming stream data. In general, developers should choose
<em>one</em> of the methods of consuming data and <em>should never</em> use multiple methods
to consume data from a single stream. Specifically, using a combination
of <code>on('data')</code>, <code>on('readable')</code>, <code>pipe()</code>, or async iterators could
lead to unintuitive behavior.</p>
<p>Use of the <code>readable.pipe()</code> method is recommended for most users as it has been
implemented to provide the easiest way of consuming stream data. Developers that
require more fine-grained control over the transfer and generation of data can
use the <a href="events.html#class-eventemitter"><code>EventEmitter</code></a> and <code>readable.on('readable')</code>/<code>readable.read()</code>
or the <code>readable.pause()</code>/<code>readable.resume()</code> APIs.</p>
<h5>Class: <code>stream.Readable</code><span><a class="mark" href="#class-streamreadable" id="class-streamreadable">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_class_stream_readable"></a></h5>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<h6>Event: <code>'close'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#event-close_1" id="event-close_1">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_event_close_1"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>Add <code>emitClose</code> option to specify if <code>'close'</code> is emitted on destroy.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.9.4</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.9.4</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<p>The <code>'close'</code> event is emitted when the stream and any of its underlying
resources (a file descriptor, for example) have been closed. The event indicates
that no more events will be emitted, and no further computation will occur.</p>
<p>A <a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a> stream will always emit the <code>'close'</code> event if it is
created with the <code>emitClose</code> option.</p>
<h6>Event: <code>'data'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#event-data" id="event-data">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_event_data"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>chunk</code> <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Data_types" class="type"><any></a> The chunk of data. For streams that are not
operating in object mode, the chunk will be either a string or <code>Buffer</code>.
For streams that are in object mode, the chunk can be any JavaScript value
other than <code>null</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>'data'</code> event is emitted whenever the stream is relinquishing ownership of
a chunk of data to a consumer. This may occur whenever the stream is switched
in flowing mode by calling <code>readable.pipe()</code>, <code>readable.resume()</code>, or by
attaching a listener callback to the <code>'data'</code> event. The <code>'data'</code> event will
also be emitted whenever the <code>readable.read()</code> method is called and a chunk of
data is available to be returned.</p>
<p>Attaching a <code>'data'</code> event listener to a stream that has not been explicitly
paused will switch the stream into flowing mode. Data will then be passed as
soon as it is available.</p>
<p>The listener callback will be passed the chunk of data as a string if a default
encoding has been specified for the stream using the
<code>readable.setEncoding()</code> method; otherwise the data will be passed as a
<code>Buffer</code>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> readable = <span class="hljs-title function_">getReadableStreamSomehow</span>();
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'data'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">chunk</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`Received <span class="hljs-subst">${chunk.length}</span> bytes of data.`</span>);
});</code></pre>
<h6>Event: <code>'end'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#event-end" id="event-end">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_event_end"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<p>The <code>'end'</code> event is emitted when there is no more data to be consumed from
the stream.</p>
<p>The <code>'end'</code> event <strong>will not be emitted</strong> unless the data is completely
consumed. This can be accomplished by switching the stream into flowing mode,
or by calling <a href="#readablereadsize"><code>stream.read()</code></a> repeatedly until all data has been
consumed.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> readable = <span class="hljs-title function_">getReadableStreamSomehow</span>();
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'data'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">chunk</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`Received <span class="hljs-subst">${chunk.length}</span> bytes of data.`</span>);
});
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'end'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'There will be no more data.'</span>);
});</code></pre>
<h6>Event: <code>'error'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#event-error_1" id="event-error_1">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_event_error_1"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>'error'</code> event may be emitted by a <code>Readable</code> implementation at any time.
Typically, this may occur if the underlying stream is unable to generate data
due to an underlying internal failure, or when a stream implementation attempts
to push an invalid chunk of data.</p>
<p>The listener callback will be passed a single <code>Error</code> object.</p>
<h6>Event: <code>'pause'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#event-pause" id="event-pause">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_event_pause"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<p>The <code>'pause'</code> event is emitted when <a href="#readablepause"><code>stream.pause()</code></a> is called
and <code>readableFlowing</code> is not <code>false</code>.</p>
<h6>Event: <code>'readable'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#event-readable" id="event-readable">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_event_readable"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>'readable'</code> is always emitted in the next tick after <code>.push()</code> is called.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>Using <code>'readable'</code> requires calling <code>.read()</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.9.4</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.9.4</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<p>The <code>'readable'</code> event is emitted when there is data available to be read from
the stream or when the end of the stream has been reached. Effectively, the
<code>'readable'</code> event indicates that the stream has new information. If data is
available, <a href="#readablereadsize"><code>stream.read()</code></a> will return that data.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> readable = <span class="hljs-title function_">getReadableStreamSomehow</span>();
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'readable'</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// There is some data to read now.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> data;
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span> ((data = <span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">read</span>()) !== <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(data);
}
});</code></pre>
<p>If the end of the stream has been reached, calling
<a href="#readablereadsize"><code>stream.read()</code></a> will return <code>null</code> and trigger the <code>'end'</code>
event. This is also true if there never was any data to be read. For instance,
in the following example, <code>foo.txt</code> is an empty file:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> fs = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> rr = fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'foo.txt'</span>);
rr.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'readable'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`readable: <span class="hljs-subst">${rr.read()}</span>`</span>);
});
rr.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'end'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'end'</span>);
});</code></pre>
<p>The output of running this script is:</p>
<pre><code class="language-console"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">node test.js</span>
readable: null
end</code></pre>
<p>In some cases, attaching a listener for the <code>'readable'</code> event will cause some
amount of data to be read into an internal buffer.</p>
<p>In general, the <code>readable.pipe()</code> and <code>'data'</code> event mechanisms are easier to
understand than the <code>'readable'</code> event. However, handling <code>'readable'</code> might
result in increased throughput.</p>
<p>If both <code>'readable'</code> and <a href="#event-data"><code>'data'</code></a> are used at the same time, <code>'readable'</code>
takes precedence in controlling the flow, i.e. <code>'data'</code> will be emitted
only when <a href="#readablereadsize"><code>stream.read()</code></a> is called. The
<code>readableFlowing</code> property would become <code>false</code>.
If there are <code>'data'</code> listeners when <code>'readable'</code> is removed, the stream
will start flowing, i.e. <code>'data'</code>Â events will be emitted without calling
<code>.resume()</code>.</p>
<h6>Event: <code>'resume'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#event-resume" id="event-resume">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_event_resume"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<p>The <code>'resume'</code> event is emitted when <a href="#readableresume"><code>stream.resume()</code></a> is
called and <code>readableFlowing</code> is not <code>true</code>.</p>
<h6><code>readable.destroy([error])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readabledestroyerror" id="readabledestroyerror">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_destroy_error"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v14.0.0</td>
<td><p>Work as a no-op on a stream that has already been destroyed.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v8.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v8.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>error</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a> Error which will be passed as payload in <code>'error'</code> event</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/this" class="type"><this></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Destroy the stream. Optionally emit an <code>'error'</code> event, and emit a <code>'close'</code>
event (unless <code>emitClose</code> is set to <code>false</code>). After this call, the readable
stream will release any internal resources and subsequent calls to <code>push()</code>
will be ignored.</p>
<p>Once <code>destroy()</code> has been called any further calls will be a no-op and no
further errors except from <code>_destroy()</code> may be emitted as <code>'error'</code>.</p>
<p>Implementors should not override this method, but instead implement
<a href="#readable_destroyerr-callback"><code>readable._destroy()</code></a>.</p>
<h6><code>readable.destroyed</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readabledestroyed" id="readabledestroyed">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_destroyed"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v8.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Is <code>true</code> after <a href="#readabledestroyerror"><code>readable.destroy()</code></a> has been called.</p>
<h6><code>readable.isPaused()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readableispaused" id="readableispaused">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_ispaused"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.14</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>readable.isPaused()</code> method returns the current operating state of the
<code>Readable</code>. This is used primarily by the mechanism that underlies the
<code>readable.pipe()</code> method. In most typical cases, there will be no reason to
use this method directly.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> readable = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> stream.<span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>();
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">isPaused</span>(); <span class="hljs-comment">// === false</span>
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">pause</span>();
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">isPaused</span>(); <span class="hljs-comment">// === true</span>
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">resume</span>();
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">isPaused</span>(); <span class="hljs-comment">// === false</span></code></pre>
<h6><code>readable.pause()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablepause" id="readablepause">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_pause"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/this" class="type"><this></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>readable.pause()</code> method will cause a stream in flowing mode to stop
emitting <a href="#event-data"><code>'data'</code></a> events, switching out of flowing mode. Any data that
becomes available will remain in the internal buffer.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> readable = <span class="hljs-title function_">getReadableStreamSomehow</span>();
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'data'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">chunk</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`Received <span class="hljs-subst">${chunk.length}</span> bytes of data.`</span>);
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">pause</span>();
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'There will be no additional data for 1 second.'</span>);
<span class="hljs-built_in">setTimeout</span>(<span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Now data will start flowing again.'</span>);
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">resume</span>();
}, <span class="hljs-number">1000</span>);
});</code></pre>
<p>The <code>readable.pause()</code> method has no effect if there is a <code>'readable'</code>
event listener.</p>
<h6><code>readable.pipe(destination[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablepipedestination-options" id="readablepipedestination-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_pipe_destination_options"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>destination</code> <a href="stream.html#class-streamwritable" class="type"><stream.Writable></a> The destination for writing data</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> Pipe options
<ul>
<li><code>end</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> End the writer when the reader ends. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="stream.html#class-streamwritable" class="type"><stream.Writable></a> The <em>destination</em>, allowing for a chain of pipes if
it is a <a href="#class-streamduplex"><code>Duplex</code></a> or a <a href="#class-streamtransform"><code>Transform</code></a> stream</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>readable.pipe()</code> method attaches a <a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a> stream to the <code>readable</code>,
causing it to switch automatically into flowing mode and push all of its data
to the attached <a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a>. The flow of data will be automatically managed
so that the destination <code>Writable</code> stream is not overwhelmed by a faster
<code>Readable</code> stream.</p>
<p>The following example pipes all of the data from the <code>readable</code> into a file
named <code>file.txt</code>:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> fs = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> readable = <span class="hljs-title function_">getReadableStreamSomehow</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> writable = fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createWriteStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'file.txt'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// All the data from readable goes into 'file.txt'.</span>
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">pipe</span>(writable);</code></pre>
<p>It is possible to attach multiple <code>Writable</code> streams to a single <code>Readable</code>
stream.</p>
<p>The <code>readable.pipe()</code> method returns a reference to the <em>destination</em> stream
making it possible to set up chains of piped streams:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> fs = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> r = fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'file.txt'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> z = zlib.<span class="hljs-title function_">createGzip</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> w = fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createWriteStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'file.txt.gz'</span>);
r.<span class="hljs-title function_">pipe</span>(z).<span class="hljs-title function_">pipe</span>(w);</code></pre>
<p>By default, <a href="#writableendchunk-encoding-callback"><code>stream.end()</code></a> is called on the destination <code>Writable</code>
stream when the source <code>Readable</code> stream emits <a href="#event-end"><code>'end'</code></a>, so that the
destination is no longer writable. To disable this default behavior, the <code>end</code>
option can be passed as <code>false</code>, causing the destination stream to remain open:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">reader.<span class="hljs-title function_">pipe</span>(writer, { <span class="hljs-attr">end</span>: <span class="hljs-literal">false</span> });
reader.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'end'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
writer.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Goodbye\n'</span>);
});</code></pre>
<p>One important caveat is that if the <code>Readable</code> stream emits an error during
processing, the <code>Writable</code> destination <em>is not closed</em> automatically. If an
error occurs, it will be necessary to <em>manually</em> close each stream in order
to prevent memory leaks.</p>
<p>The <a href="process.html#processstderr"><code>process.stderr</code></a> and <a href="process.html#processstdout"><code>process.stdout</code></a> <code>Writable</code> streams are never
closed until the Node.js process exits, regardless of the specified options.</p>
<h6><code>readable.read([size])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablereadsize" id="readablereadsize">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_read_size"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>size</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Optional argument to specify how much data to read.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Data_types" class="type"><any></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>readable.read()</code> method reads data out of the internal buffer and
returns it. If no data is available to be read, <code>null</code> is returned. By default,
the data is returned as a <code>Buffer</code> object unless an encoding has been
specified using the <code>readable.setEncoding()</code> method or the stream is operating
in object mode.</p>
<p>The optional <code>size</code> argument specifies a specific number of bytes to read. If
<code>size</code> bytes are not available to be read, <code>null</code> will be returned <em>unless</em>
the stream has ended, in which case all of the data remaining in the internal
buffer will be returned.</p>
<p>If the <code>size</code> argument is not specified, all of the data contained in the
internal buffer will be returned.</p>
<p>The <code>size</code> argument must be less than or equal to 1 GiB.</p>
<p>The <code>readable.read()</code> method should only be called on <code>Readable</code> streams
operating in paused mode. In flowing mode, <code>readable.read()</code> is called
automatically until the internal buffer is fully drained.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> readable = <span class="hljs-title function_">getReadableStreamSomehow</span>();
<span class="hljs-comment">// 'readable' may be triggered multiple times as data is buffered in</span>
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'readable'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> chunk;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Stream is readable (new data received in buffer)'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Use a loop to make sure we read all currently available data</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span> (<span class="hljs-literal">null</span> !== (chunk = readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">read</span>())) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">`Read <span class="hljs-subst">${chunk.length}</span> bytes of data...`</span>);
}
});
<span class="hljs-comment">// 'end' will be triggered once when there is no more data available</span>
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'end'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Reached end of stream.'</span>);
});</code></pre>
<p>Each call to <code>readable.read()</code> returns a chunk of data, or <code>null</code>. The chunks
are not concatenated. A <code>while</code> loop is necessary to consume all data
currently in the buffer. When reading a large file <code>.read()</code> may return <code>null</code>,
having consumed all buffered content so far, but there is still more data to
come not yet buffered. In this case a new <code>'readable'</code> event will be emitted
when there is more data in the buffer. Finally the <code>'end'</code> event will be
emitted when there is no more data to come.</p>
<p>Therefore to read a file's whole contents from a <code>readable</code>, it is necessary
to collect chunks across multiple <code>'readable'</code> events:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> chunks = [];
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'readable'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> chunk;
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span> (<span class="hljs-literal">null</span> !== (chunk = readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">read</span>())) {
chunks.<span class="hljs-title function_">push</span>(chunk);
}
});
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'end'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> content = chunks.<span class="hljs-title function_">join</span>(<span class="hljs-string">''</span>);
});</code></pre>
<p>A <code>Readable</code> stream in object mode will always return a single item from
a call to <a href="#readablereadsize"><code>readable.read(size)</code></a>, regardless of the value of the
<code>size</code> argument.</p>
<p>If the <code>readable.read()</code> method returns a chunk of data, a <code>'data'</code> event will
also be emitted.</p>
<p>Calling <a href="#readablereadsize"><code>stream.read([size])</code></a> after the <a href="#event-end"><code>'end'</code></a> event has
been emitted will return <code>null</code>. No runtime error will be raised.</p>
<h6><code>readable.readable</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablereadable" id="readablereadable">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_readable"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v11.4.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Is <code>true</code> if it is safe to call <a href="#readablereadsize"><code>readable.read()</code></a>, which means
the stream has not been destroyed or emitted <code>'error'</code> or <code>'end'</code>.</p>
<h6><code>readable.readableAborted</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablereadableaborted" id="readablereadableaborted">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_readableaborted"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v16.8.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns whether the stream was destroyed or errored before emitting <code>'end'</code>.</p>
<h6><code>readable.readableDidRead</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablereadabledidread" id="readablereadabledidread">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_readabledidread"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v16.7.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns whether <code>'data'</code> has been emitted.</p>
<h6><code>readable.readableEncoding</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablereadableencoding" id="readablereadableencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_readableencoding"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.7.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Getter for the property <code>encoding</code> of a given <code>Readable</code> stream. The <code>encoding</code>
property can be set using the <a href="#readablesetencodingencoding"><code>readable.setEncoding()</code></a> method.</p>
<h6><code>readable.readableEnded</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablereadableended" id="readablereadableended">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_readableended"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.9.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Becomes <code>true</code> when <a href="#event-end"><code>'end'</code></a> event is emitted.</p>
<h6><code>readable.readableFlowing</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablereadableflowing" id="readablereadableflowing">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_readableflowing"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v9.4.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>This property reflects the current state of a <code>Readable</code> stream as described
in the <a href="#three-states">Three states</a> section.</p>
<h6><code>readable.readableHighWaterMark</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablereadablehighwatermark" id="readablereadablehighwatermark">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_readablehighwatermark"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v9.3.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns the value of <code>highWaterMark</code> passed when creating this <code>Readable</code>.</p>
<h6><code>readable.readableLength</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablereadablelength" id="readablereadablelength">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_readablelength"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v9.4.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a></li>
</ul>
<p>This property contains the number of bytes (or objects) in the queue
ready to be read. The value provides introspection data regarding
the status of the <code>highWaterMark</code>.</p>
<h6><code>readable.readableObjectMode</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablereadableobjectmode" id="readablereadableobjectmode">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_readableobjectmode"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.3.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Getter for the property <code>objectMode</code> of a given <code>Readable</code> stream.</p>
<h6><code>readable.resume()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readableresume" id="readableresume">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_resume"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>resume()</code> has no effect if there is a <code>'readable'</code> event listening.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.9.4</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.9.4</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/this" class="type"><this></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>readable.resume()</code> method causes an explicitly paused <code>Readable</code> stream to
resume emitting <a href="#event-data"><code>'data'</code></a> events, switching the stream into flowing mode.</p>
<p>The <code>readable.resume()</code> method can be used to fully consume the data from a
stream without actually processing any of that data:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-title function_">getReadableStreamSomehow</span>()
.<span class="hljs-title function_">resume</span>()
.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'end'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Reached the end, but did not read anything.'</span>);
});</code></pre>
<p>The <code>readable.resume()</code> method has no effect if there is a <code>'readable'</code>
event listener.</p>
<h6><code>readable.setEncoding(encoding)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablesetencodingencoding" id="readablesetencodingencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_setencoding_encoding"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The encoding to use.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/this" class="type"><this></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>readable.setEncoding()</code> method sets the character encoding for
data read from the <code>Readable</code> stream.</p>
<p>By default, no encoding is assigned and stream data will be returned as
<code>Buffer</code> objects. Setting an encoding causes the stream data
to be returned as strings of the specified encoding rather than as <code>Buffer</code>
objects. For instance, calling <code>readable.setEncoding('utf8')</code> will cause the
output data to be interpreted as UTF-8 data, and passed as strings. Calling
<code>readable.setEncoding('hex')</code> will cause the data to be encoded in hexadecimal
string format.</p>
<p>The <code>Readable</code> stream will properly handle multi-byte characters delivered
through the stream that would otherwise become improperly decoded if simply
pulled from the stream as <code>Buffer</code> objects.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> readable = <span class="hljs-title function_">getReadableStreamSomehow</span>();
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">setEncoding</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>);
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'data'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">chunk</span>) =></span> {
assert.<span class="hljs-title function_">equal</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">typeof</span> chunk, <span class="hljs-string">'string'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Got %d characters of string data:'</span>, chunk.<span class="hljs-property">length</span>);
});</code></pre>
<h6><code>readable.unpipe([destination])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readableunpipedestination" id="readableunpipedestination">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_unpipe_destination"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>destination</code> <a href="stream.html#class-streamwritable" class="type"><stream.Writable></a> Optional specific stream to unpipe</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/this" class="type"><this></a></li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>readable.unpipe()</code> method detaches a <code>Writable</code> stream previously attached
using the <a href="#readablepipedestination-options"><code>stream.pipe()</code></a> method.</p>
<p>If the <code>destination</code> is not specified, then <em>all</em> pipes are detached.</p>
<p>If the <code>destination</code> is specified, but no pipe is set up for it, then
the method does nothing.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> fs = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> readable = <span class="hljs-title function_">getReadableStreamSomehow</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> writable = fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createWriteStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'file.txt'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// All the data from readable goes into 'file.txt',</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// but only for the first second.</span>
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">pipe</span>(writable);
<span class="hljs-built_in">setTimeout</span>(<span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Stop writing to file.txt.'</span>);
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">unpipe</span>(writable);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Manually close the file stream.'</span>);
writable.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>();
}, <span class="hljs-number">1000</span>);</code></pre>
<h6><code>readable.unshift(chunk[, encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readableunshiftchunk-encoding" id="readableunshiftchunk-encoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_unshift_chunk_encoding"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v8.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>chunk</code> argument can now be a <code>Uint8Array</code> instance.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.9.11</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.9.11</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>chunk</code> <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint8Array" class="type"><Uint8Array></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Data_types" class="type"><any></a> Chunk of data to unshift onto the
read queue. For streams not operating in object mode, <code>chunk</code> must be a
string, <code>Buffer</code>, <code>Uint8Array</code> or <code>null</code>. For object mode streams, <code>chunk</code>
may be any JavaScript value.</li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Encoding of string chunks. Must be a valid
<code>Buffer</code> encoding, such as <code>'utf8'</code> or <code>'ascii'</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Passing <code>chunk</code> as <code>null</code> signals the end of the stream (EOF) and behaves the
same as <code>readable.push(null)</code>, after which no more data can be written. The EOF
signal is put at the end of the buffer and any buffered data will still be
flushed.</p>
<p>The <code>readable.unshift()</code> method pushes a chunk of data back into the internal
buffer. This is useful in certain situations where a stream is being consumed by
code that needs to "un-consume" some amount of data that it has optimistically
pulled out of the source, so that the data can be passed on to some other party.</p>
<p>The <code>stream.unshift(chunk)</code> method cannot be called after the <a href="#event-end"><code>'end'</code></a> event
has been emitted or a runtime error will be thrown.</p>
<p>Developers using <code>stream.unshift()</code> often should consider switching to
use of a <a href="#class-streamtransform"><code>Transform</code></a> stream instead. See the <a href="#api-for-stream-implementers">API for stream implementers</a>
section for more information.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-comment">// Pull off a header delimited by \n\n.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Use unshift() if we get too much.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Call the callback with (error, header, stream).</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">StringDecoder</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'string_decoder'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">parseHeader</span>(<span class="hljs-params">stream, callback</span>) {
stream.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'error'</span>, callback);
stream.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'readable'</span>, onReadable);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> decoder = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">StringDecoder</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> header = <span class="hljs-string">''</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">onReadable</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> chunk;
<span class="hljs-keyword">while</span> (<span class="hljs-literal">null</span> !== (chunk = stream.<span class="hljs-title function_">read</span>())) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> str = decoder.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(chunk);
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (str.<span class="hljs-title function_">includes</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'\n\n'</span>)) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Found the header boundary.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> split = str.<span class="hljs-title function_">split</span>(<span class="hljs-regexp">/\n\n/</span>);
header += split.<span class="hljs-title function_">shift</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> remaining = split.<span class="hljs-title function_">join</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'\n\n'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> buf = <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(remaining, <span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>);
stream.<span class="hljs-title function_">removeListener</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'error'</span>, callback);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Remove the 'readable' listener before unshifting.</span>
stream.<span class="hljs-title function_">removeListener</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'readable'</span>, onReadable);
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (buf.<span class="hljs-property">length</span>)
stream.<span class="hljs-title function_">unshift</span>(buf);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Now the body of the message can be read from the stream.</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>(<span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, header, stream);
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-comment">// Still reading the header.</span>
header += str;
}
}
}</code></pre>
<p>Unlike <a href="#readablepushchunk-encoding"><code>stream.push(chunk)</code></a>, <code>stream.unshift(chunk)</code> will not
end the reading process by resetting the internal reading state of the stream.
This can cause unexpected results if <code>readable.unshift()</code> is called during a
read (i.e. from within a <a href="#readable_readsize"><code>stream._read()</code></a> implementation on a
custom stream). Following the call to <code>readable.unshift()</code> with an immediate
<a href="#readablepushchunk-encoding"><code>stream.push('')</code></a> will reset the reading state appropriately,
however it is best to simply avoid calling <code>readable.unshift()</code> while in the
process of performing a read.</p>
<h6><code>readable.wrap(stream)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablewrapstream" id="readablewrapstream">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_wrap_stream"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>stream</code> <a href="stream.html#stream" class="type"><Stream></a> An "old style" readable stream</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/this" class="type"><this></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Prior to Node.js 0.10, streams did not implement the entire <code>stream</code> module API
as it is currently defined. (See <a href="#compatibility-with-older-nodejs-versions">Compatibility</a> for more information.)</p>
<p>When using an older Node.js library that emits <a href="#event-data"><code>'data'</code></a> events and has a
<a href="#readablepause"><code>stream.pause()</code></a> method that is advisory only, the
<code>readable.wrap()</code> method can be used to create a <a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a> stream that uses
the old stream as its data source.</p>
<p>It will rarely be necessary to use <code>readable.wrap()</code> but the method has been
provided as a convenience for interacting with older Node.js applications and
libraries.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">OldReader</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./old-api-module.js'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> oreader = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">OldReader</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> myReader = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_">wrap</span>(oreader);
myReader.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'readable'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
myReader.<span class="hljs-title function_">read</span>(); <span class="hljs-comment">// etc.</span>
});</code></pre>
<h6><code>readable[Symbol.asyncIterator]()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablesymbolasynciterator" id="readablesymbolasynciterator">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_symbol_asynciterator"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v11.14.0</td>
<td><p>Symbol.asyncIterator support is no longer experimental.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v10.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-asynciterator-interface" class="type"><AsyncIterator></a> to fully consume the stream.</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> fs = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">print</span>(<span class="hljs-params">readable</span>) {
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">setEncoding</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> data = <span class="hljs-string">''</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> chunk <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> readable) {
data += chunk;
}
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(data);
}
<span class="hljs-title function_">print</span>(fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'file'</span>)).<span class="hljs-title function_">catch</span>(<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-property">error</span>);</code></pre>
<p>If the loop terminates with a <code>break</code>, <code>return</code>, or a <code>throw</code>, the stream will
be destroyed. In other terms, iterating over a stream will consume the stream
fully. The stream will be read in chunks of size equal to the <code>highWaterMark</code>
option. In the code example above, data will be in a single chunk if the file
has less then 64 KB of data because no <code>highWaterMark</code> option is provided to
<a href="fs.html#fscreatereadstreampath-options"><code>fs.createReadStream()</code></a>.</p>
<h6><code>readable.iterator([options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readableiteratoroptions" id="readableiteratoroptions">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_iterator_options"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v16.3.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>destroyOnReturn</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> When set to <code>false</code>, calling <code>return</code> on the
async iterator, or exiting a <code>for await...of</code> iteration using a <code>break</code>,
<code>return</code>, or <code>throw</code> will not destroy the stream. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code>.</li>
<li><code>destroyOnError</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> When set to <code>false</code>, if the stream emits an
error while it's being iterated, the iterator will not destroy the stream.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-asynciterator-interface" class="type"><AsyncIterator></a> to consume the stream.</li>
</ul>
<p>The iterator created by this method gives users the option to cancel the
destruction of the stream if the <code>for await...of</code> loop is exited by <code>return</code>,
<code>break</code>, or <code>throw</code>, or if the iterator should destroy the stream if the stream
emitted an error during iteration.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">printIterator</span>(<span class="hljs-params">readable</span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> chunk <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">iterator</span>({ <span class="hljs-attr">destroyOnReturn</span>: <span class="hljs-literal">false</span> })) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(chunk); <span class="hljs-comment">// 1</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">break</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(readable.<span class="hljs-property">destroyed</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// false</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> chunk <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">iterator</span>({ <span class="hljs-attr">destroyOnReturn</span>: <span class="hljs-literal">false</span> })) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(chunk); <span class="hljs-comment">// Will print 2 and then 3</span>
}
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(readable.<span class="hljs-property">destroyed</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// True, stream was totally consumed</span>
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">printSymbolAsyncIterator</span>(<span class="hljs-params">readable</span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> chunk <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> readable) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(chunk); <span class="hljs-comment">// 1</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">break</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(readable.<span class="hljs-property">destroyed</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// true</span>
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">showBoth</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">printIterator</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3</span>]));
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">printSymbolAsyncIterator</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3</span>]));
}
<span class="hljs-title function_">showBoth</span>();</code></pre>
<h6><code>readable.map(fn[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablemapfn-options" id="readablemapfn-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_map_fn_options"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v16.14.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>fn</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> | <a href="https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-async-function-constructor" class="type"><AsyncFunction></a> a function to map over every item in the stream.
<ul>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Data_types" class="type"><any></a> a chunk of data from the stream.</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> aborted if the stream is destroyed allowing to
abort the <code>fn</code> call early.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>concurrency</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> the maximum concurrent invocation of <code>fn</code> to call
on the stream at once. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>1</code>.</li>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> allows destroying the stream if the signal is
aborted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="stream.html#class-streamreadable" class="type"><Readable></a> a stream mapped with the function <code>fn</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>This method allows mapping over the stream. The <code>fn</code> function will be called
for every item in the stream. If the <code>fn</code> function returns a promise - that
promise will be <code>await</code>ed before being passed to the result stream.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Resolver</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'dns/promises'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// With a synchronous mapper.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> item <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number">4</span>]).<span class="hljs-title function_">map</span>(<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">x</span>) =></span> x * <span class="hljs-number">2</span>)) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(item); <span class="hljs-comment">// 2, 4, 6, 8</span>
}
<span class="hljs-comment">// With an asynchronous mapper, making at most 2 queries at a time.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> resolver = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Resolver</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> dnsResults = <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([
<span class="hljs-string">'nodejs.org'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'openjsf.org'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'www.linuxfoundation.org'</span>,
]).<span class="hljs-title function_">map</span>(<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">domain</span>) =></span> resolver.<span class="hljs-title function_">resolve4</span>(domain), { <span class="hljs-attr">concurrency</span>: <span class="hljs-number">2</span> });
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> result <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> dnsResults) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(result); <span class="hljs-comment">// Logs the DNS result of resolver.resolve4.</span>
}</code></pre>
<h6><code>readable.filter(fn[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablefilterfn-options" id="readablefilterfn-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_filter_fn_options"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v16.14.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>fn</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> | <a href="https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-async-function-constructor" class="type"><AsyncFunction></a> a function to filter items from stream.
<ul>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Data_types" class="type"><any></a> a chunk of data from the stream.</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> aborted if the stream is destroyed allowing to
abort the <code>fn</code> call early.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>concurrency</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> the maximum concurrent invocation of <code>fn</code> to call
on the stream at once. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>1</code>.</li>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> allows destroying the stream if the signal is
aborted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="stream.html#class-streamreadable" class="type"><Readable></a> a stream filtered with the predicate <code>fn</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>This method allows filtering the stream. For each item in the stream the <code>fn</code>
function will be called and if it returns a truthy value, the item will be
passed to the result stream. If the <code>fn</code> function returns a promise - that
promise will be <code>await</code>ed.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Resolver</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'dns/promises'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// With a synchronous predicate.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> item <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number">4</span>]).<span class="hljs-title function_">filter</span>(<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">x</span>) =></span> x > <span class="hljs-number">2</span>)) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(item); <span class="hljs-comment">// 3, 4</span>
}
<span class="hljs-comment">// With an asynchronous predicate, making at most 2 queries at a time.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> resolver = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Resolver</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> dnsResults = <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([
<span class="hljs-string">'nodejs.org'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'openjsf.org'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'www.linuxfoundation.org'</span>,
]).<span class="hljs-title function_">filter</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> (domain) => {
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { address } = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> resolver.<span class="hljs-title function_">resolve4</span>(domain, { <span class="hljs-attr">ttl</span>: <span class="hljs-literal">true</span> });
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> address.<span class="hljs-property">ttl</span> > <span class="hljs-number">60</span>;
}, { <span class="hljs-attr">concurrency</span>: <span class="hljs-number">2</span> });
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> result <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> dnsResults) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Logs domains with more than 60 seconds on the resolved dns record.</span>
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(result);
}</code></pre>
<h6><code>readable.forEach(fn[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readableforeachfn-options" id="readableforeachfn-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_foreach_fn_options"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v16.15.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>fn</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> | <a href="https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-async-function-constructor" class="type"><AsyncFunction></a> a function to call on each item of the stream.
<ul>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Data_types" class="type"><any></a> a chunk of data from the stream.</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> aborted if the stream is destroyed allowing to
abort the <code>fn</code> call early.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>concurrency</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> the maximum concurrent invocation of <code>fn</code> to call
on the stream at once. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>1</code>.</li>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> allows destroying the stream if the signal is
aborted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a> a promise for when the stream has finished.</li>
</ul>
<p>This method allows iterating a stream. For each item in the stream the
<code>fn</code> function will be called. If the <code>fn</code> function returns a promise - that
promise will be <code>await</code>ed.</p>
<p>This method is different from <code>for await...of</code> loops in that it can optionally
process items concurrently. In addition, a <code>forEach</code> iteration can only be
stopped by having passed a <code>signal</code> option and aborting the related
<code>AbortController</code> while <code>for await...of</code> can be stopped with <code>break</code> or
<code>return</code>. In either case the stream will be destroyed.</p>
<p>This method is different from listening to the <a href="#event-data"><code>'data'</code></a> event in that it
uses the <a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>readable</code></a> event in the underlying machinary and can limit the
number of concurrent <code>fn</code> calls.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Resolver</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'dns/promises'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// With a synchronous predicate.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> item <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number">4</span>]).<span class="hljs-title function_">filter</span>(<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">x</span>) =></span> x > <span class="hljs-number">2</span>)) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(item); <span class="hljs-comment">// 3, 4</span>
}
<span class="hljs-comment">// With an asynchronous predicate, making at most 2 queries at a time.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> resolver = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Resolver</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> dnsResults = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([
<span class="hljs-string">'nodejs.org'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'openjsf.org'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'www.linuxfoundation.org'</span>,
]).<span class="hljs-title function_">map</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> (domain) => {
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { address } = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> resolver.<span class="hljs-title function_">resolve4</span>(domain, { <span class="hljs-attr">ttl</span>: <span class="hljs-literal">true</span> });
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> address;
}, { <span class="hljs-attr">concurrency</span>: <span class="hljs-number">2</span> });
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> dnsResults.<span class="hljs-title function_">forEach</span>(<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">result</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Logs result, similar to `for await (const result of dnsResults)`</span>
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(result);
});
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'done'</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// Stream has finished</span></code></pre>
<h6><code>readable.toArray([options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readabletoarrayoptions" id="readabletoarrayoptions">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_toarray_options"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v16.15.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> allows cancelling the toArray operation if the
signal is aborted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a> a promise containing an array (if the stream is in
object mode) or Buffer with the contents of the stream.</li>
</ul>
<p>This method allows easily obtaining the contents of a stream. If the
stream is in <a href="#object-mode">object mode</a> an array of its contents is returned.
If the stream is not in object mode a Buffer containing its data is returned.</p>
<p>As this method reads the entire stream into memory, it negates the benefits of
streams. It's intended for interoperability and convenience, not as the primary
way to consume streams.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Resolver</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'dns/promises'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number">4</span>]).<span class="hljs-title function_">toArray</span>(); <span class="hljs-comment">// [1, 2, 3, 4]</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// Make dns queries concurrently using .map and collect</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// the results into an array using toArray</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> dnsResults = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([
<span class="hljs-string">'nodejs.org'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'openjsf.org'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'www.linuxfoundation.org'</span>,
]).<span class="hljs-title function_">map</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> (domain) => {
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { address } = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> resolver.<span class="hljs-title function_">resolve4</span>(domain, { <span class="hljs-attr">ttl</span>: <span class="hljs-literal">true</span> });
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> address;
}, { <span class="hljs-attr">concurrency</span>: <span class="hljs-number">2</span> }).<span class="hljs-title function_">toArray</span>();</code></pre>
<h6><code>readable.some(fn[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablesomefn-options" id="readablesomefn-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_some_fn_options"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v16.15.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>fn</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> | <a href="https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-async-function-constructor" class="type"><AsyncFunction></a> a function to call on each item of the stream.
<ul>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Data_types" class="type"><any></a> a chunk of data from the stream.</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> aborted if the stream is destroyed allowing to
abort the <code>fn</code> call early.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>concurrency</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> the maximum concurrent invocation of <code>fn</code> to call
on the stream at once. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>1</code>.</li>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> allows destroying the stream if the signal is
aborted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a> a promise evaluating to <code>true</code> if <code>fn</code> returned a truthy
value for at least one of the chunks.</li>
</ul>
<p>This method is similar to <code>Array.prototype.some</code> and calls <code>fn</code> on each chunk
in the stream until the awaited return value is <code>true</code> (or any truthy value).
Once an <code>fn</code> call on a chunk awaited return value is truthy, the stream is
destroyed and the promise is fulfilled with <code>true</code>. If none of the <code>fn</code>
calls on the chunks return a truthy value, the promise is fulfilled with
<code>false</code>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { stat } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'fs/promises'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// With a synchronous predicate.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number">4</span>]).<span class="hljs-title function_">some</span>(<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">x</span>) =></span> x > <span class="hljs-number">2</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// true</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number">4</span>]).<span class="hljs-title function_">some</span>(<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">x</span>) =></span> x < <span class="hljs-number">0</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// false</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// With an asynchronous predicate, making at most 2 file checks at a time.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> anyBigFile = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([
<span class="hljs-string">'file1'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'file2'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'file3'</span>,
]).<span class="hljs-title function_">some</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> (fileName) => {
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> stats = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">stat</span>(fileName);
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> stat.<span class="hljs-property">size</span> > <span class="hljs-number">1024</span> * <span class="hljs-number">1024</span>;
}, { <span class="hljs-attr">concurrency</span>: <span class="hljs-number">2</span> });
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(anyBigFile); <span class="hljs-comment">// `true` if any file in the list is bigger than 1MB</span>
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'done'</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// Stream has finished</span></code></pre>
<h6><code>readable.every(fn[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readableeveryfn-options" id="readableeveryfn-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_every_fn_options"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v16.15.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>fn</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> | <a href="https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-async-function-constructor" class="type"><AsyncFunction></a> a function to call on each item of the stream.
<ul>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Data_types" class="type"><any></a> a chunk of data from the stream.</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> aborted if the stream is destroyed allowing to
abort the <code>fn</code> call early.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>concurrency</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> the maximum concurrent invocation of <code>fn</code> to call
on the stream at once. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>1</code>.</li>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> allows destroying the stream if the signal is
aborted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a> a promise evaluating to <code>true</code> if <code>fn</code> returned a truthy
value for all of the chunks.</li>
</ul>
<p>This method is similar to <code>Array.prototype.every</code> and calls <code>fn</code> on each chunk
in the stream to check if all awaited return values are truthy value for <code>fn</code>.
Once an <code>fn</code> call on a chunk awaited return value is falsy, the stream is
destroyed and the promise is fulfilled with <code>false</code>. If all of the <code>fn</code> calls
on the chunks return a truthy value, the promise is fulfilled with <code>true</code>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { stat } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'fs/promises'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// With a synchronous predicate.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number">4</span>]).<span class="hljs-title function_">every</span>(<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">x</span>) =></span> x > <span class="hljs-number">2</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// false</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number">4</span>]).<span class="hljs-title function_">every</span>(<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">x</span>) =></span> x > <span class="hljs-number">0</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// true</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// With an asynchronous predicate, making at most 2 file checks at a time.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> allBigFiles = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([
<span class="hljs-string">'file1'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'file2'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'file3'</span>,
]).<span class="hljs-title function_">every</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> (fileName) => {
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> stats = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">stat</span>(fileName);
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> stat.<span class="hljs-property">size</span> > <span class="hljs-number">1024</span> * <span class="hljs-number">1024</span>;
}, { <span class="hljs-attr">concurrency</span>: <span class="hljs-number">2</span> });
<span class="hljs-comment">// `true` if all files in the list are bigger than 1MiB</span>
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(allBigFiles);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'done'</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// Stream has finished</span></code></pre>
<h6><code>readable.flatMap(fn[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readableflatmapfn-options" id="readableflatmapfn-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_flatmap_fn_options"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v16.15.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>fn</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> | <a href="https://tc39.es/proposal-async-iteration/#sec-asyncgeneratorfunction-constructor" class="type"><AsyncGeneratorFunction></a> | <a href="https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-async-function-constructor" class="type"><AsyncFunction></a> a function to map over
every item in the stream.
<ul>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Data_types" class="type"><any></a> a chunk of data from the stream.</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> aborted if the stream is destroyed allowing to
abort the <code>fn</code> call early.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>concurrency</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> the maximum concurrent invocation of <code>fn</code> to call
on the stream at once. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>1</code>.</li>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> allows destroying the stream if the signal is
aborted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="stream.html#class-streamreadable" class="type"><Readable></a> a stream flat-mapped with the function <code>fn</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p>This method returns a new stream by applying the given callback to each
chunk of the stream and then flattening the result.</p>
<p>It is possible to return a stream or another iterable or async iterable from
<code>fn</code> and the result streams will be merged (flattened) into the returned
stream.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { createReadStream } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'fs'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// With a synchronous mapper.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> item <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number">4</span>]).<span class="hljs-title function_">flatMap</span>(<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">x</span>) =></span> [x, x])) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(item); <span class="hljs-comment">// 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4</span>
}
<span class="hljs-comment">// With an asynchronous mapper, combine the contents of 4 files</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> concatResult = <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([
<span class="hljs-string">'./1.mjs'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'./2.mjs'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'./3.mjs'</span>,
<span class="hljs-string">'./4.mjs'</span>,
]).<span class="hljs-title function_">flatMap</span>(<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">fileName</span>) =></span> <span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(fileName));
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> result <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> concatResult) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// This will contain the contents (all chunks) of all 4 files</span>
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(result);
}</code></pre>
<h6><code>readable.drop(limit[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readabledroplimit-options" id="readabledroplimit-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_drop_limit_options"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v16.15.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>limit</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> the number of chunks to drop from the readable.</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> allows destroying the stream if the signal is
aborted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="stream.html#class-streamreadable" class="type"><Readable></a> a stream with <code>limit</code> chunks dropped.</li>
</ul>
<p>This method returns a new stream with the first <code>limit</code> chunks dropped.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number">4</span>]).<span class="hljs-title function_">drop</span>(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>).<span class="hljs-title function_">toArray</span>(); <span class="hljs-comment">// [3, 4]</span></code></pre>
<h6><code>readable.take(limit[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readabletakelimit-options" id="readabletakelimit-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_take_limit_options"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v16.15.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>limit</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> the number of chunks to take from the readable.</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> allows destroying the stream if the signal is
aborted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="stream.html#class-streamreadable" class="type"><Readable></a> a stream with <code>limit</code> chunks taken.</li>
</ul>
<p>This method returns a new stream with the first <code>limit</code> chunks.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number">4</span>]).<span class="hljs-title function_">take</span>(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>).<span class="hljs-title function_">toArray</span>(); <span class="hljs-comment">// [1, 2]</span></code></pre>
<h6><code>readable.asIndexedPairs([options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readableasindexedpairsoptions" id="readableasindexedpairsoptions">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_asindexedpairs_options"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v16.15.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> allows destroying the stream if the signal is
aborted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="stream.html#class-streamreadable" class="type"><Readable></a> a stream of indexed pairs.</li>
</ul>
<p>This method returns a new stream with chunks of the underlying stream paired
with a counter in the form <code>[index, chunk]</code>. The first index value is 0 and it
increases by 1 for each chunk produced.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> pairs = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>]).<span class="hljs-title function_">asIndexedPairs</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_">toArray</span>();
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(pairs); <span class="hljs-comment">// [[0, 'a'], [1, 'b'], [2, 'c']]</span></code></pre>
<h6><code>readable.reduce(fn[, initial[, options]])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablereducefn-initial-options" id="readablereducefn-initial-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_reduce_fn_initial_options"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v16.15.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>fn</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> | <a href="https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-async-function-constructor" class="type"><AsyncFunction></a> a reducer function to call over every chunk
in the stream.
<ul>
<li><code>previous</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Data_types" class="type"><any></a> the value obtained from the last call to <code>fn</code> or the
<code>initial</code> value if specified or the first chunk of the stream otherwise.</li>
<li><code>data</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Data_types" class="type"><any></a> a chunk of data from the stream.</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> aborted if the stream is destroyed allowing to
abort the <code>fn</code> call early.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>initial</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Data_types" class="type"><any></a> the initial value to use in the reduction.</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> allows destroying the stream if the signal is
aborted.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a> a promise for the final value of the reduction.</li>
</ul>
<p>This method calls <code>fn</code> on each chunk of the stream in order, passing it the
result from the calculation on the previous element. It returns a promise for
the final value of the reduction.</p>
<p>The reducer function iterates the stream element-by-element which means that
there is no <code>concurrency</code> parameter or parallism. To perform a <code>reduce</code>
concurrently, it can be chained to the <a href="#readablemapfn-options"><code>readable.map</code></a> method.</p>
<p>If no <code>initial</code> value is supplied the first chunk of the stream is used as the
initial value. If the stream is empty, the promise is rejected with a
<code>TypeError</code> with the <code>ERR_INVALID_ARGS</code> code property.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> ten = <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>([<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number">4</span>]).<span class="hljs-title function_">reduce</span>(<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">previous, data</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> previous + data;
});
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(ten); <span class="hljs-comment">// 10</span></code></pre>
<h4>Duplex and transform streams<span><a class="mark" href="#duplex-and-transform-streams" id="duplex-and-transform-streams">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_duplex_and_transform_streams"></a></h4>
<h5>Class: <code>stream.Duplex</code><span><a class="mark" href="#class-streamduplex" id="class-streamduplex">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_class_stream_duplex"></a></h5>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v6.8.0</td>
<td><p>Instances of <code>Duplex</code> now return <code>true</code> when checking <code>instanceof stream.Writable</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.9.4</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.9.4</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<p>Duplex streams are streams that implement both the <a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a> and
<a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a> interfaces.</p>
<p>Examples of <code>Duplex</code> streams include:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="net.html#class-netsocket">TCP sockets</a></li>
<li><a href="zlib.html">zlib streams</a></li>
<li><a href="crypto.html">crypto streams</a></li>
</ul>
<h6><code>duplex.allowHalfOpen</code><span><a class="mark" href="#duplexallowhalfopen" id="duplexallowhalfopen">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_duplex_allowhalfopen"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>If <code>false</code> then the stream will automatically end the writable side when the
readable side ends. Set initially by the <code>allowHalfOpen</code> constructor option,
which defaults to <code>false</code>.</p>
<p>This can be changed manually to change the half-open behavior of an existing
<code>Duplex</code> stream instance, but must be changed before the <code>'end'</code> event is
emitted.</p>
<h5>Class: <code>stream.Transform</code><span><a class="mark" href="#class-streamtransform" id="class-streamtransform">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_class_stream_transform"></a></h5>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<p>Transform streams are <a href="#class-streamduplex"><code>Duplex</code></a> streams where the output is in some way
related to the input. Like all <a href="#class-streamduplex"><code>Duplex</code></a> streams, <code>Transform</code> streams
implement both the <a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a> and <a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a> interfaces.</p>
<p>Examples of <code>Transform</code> streams include:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="zlib.html">zlib streams</a></li>
<li><a href="crypto.html">crypto streams</a></li>
</ul>
<h6><code>transform.destroy([error])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#transformdestroyerror" id="transformdestroyerror">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_transform_destroy_error"></a></h6>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v14.0.0</td>
<td><p>Work as a no-op on a stream that has already been destroyed.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v8.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v8.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>error</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/this" class="type"><this></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Destroy the stream, and optionally emit an <code>'error'</code> event. After this call, the
transform stream would release any internal resources.
Implementors should not override this method, but instead implement
<a href="#readable_destroyerr-callback"><code>readable._destroy()</code></a>.
The default implementation of <code>_destroy()</code> for <code>Transform</code> also emit <code>'close'</code>
unless <code>emitClose</code> is set in false.</p>
<p>Once <code>destroy()</code> has been called, any further calls will be a no-op and no
further errors except from <code>_destroy()</code> may be emitted as <code>'error'</code>.</p>
<h4><code>stream.finished(stream[, options], callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#streamfinishedstream-options-callback" id="streamfinishedstream-options-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_stream_finished_stream_options_callback"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v15.11.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>signal</code> option was added.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v14.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>finished(stream, cb)</code> will wait for the <code>'close'</code> event before invoking the callback. The implementation tries to detect legacy streams and only apply this behavior to streams which are expected to emit <code>'close'</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v14.0.0</td>
<td><p>Emitting <code>'close'</code> before <code>'end'</code> on a <code>Readable</code> stream will cause an <code>ERR_STREAM_PREMATURE_CLOSE</code> error.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v14.0.0</td>
<td><p>Callback will be invoked on streams which have already finished before the call to <code>finished(stream, cb)</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v10.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>stream</code> <a href="stream.html#stream" class="type"><Stream></a> A readable and/or writable stream.</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>error</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> If set to <code>false</code>, then a call to <code>emit('error', err)</code> is
not treated as finished. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code>.</li>
<li><code>readable</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> When set to <code>false</code>, the callback will be called when
the stream ends even though the stream might still be readable.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code>.</li>
<li><code>writable</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> When set to <code>false</code>, the callback will be called when
the stream ends even though the stream might still be writable.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code>.</li>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> allows aborting the wait for the stream finish. The
underlying stream will <em>not</em> be aborted if the signal is aborted. The
callback will get called with an <code>AbortError</code>. All registered
listeners added by this function will also be removed.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> A callback function that takes an optional error
argument.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> A cleanup function which removes all registered
listeners.</li>
</ul>
<p>A function to get notified when a stream is no longer readable, writable
or has experienced an error or a premature close event.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { finished } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> rs = fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'archive.tar'</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">finished</span>(rs, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">error</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Stream failed.'</span>, err);
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Stream is done reading.'</span>);
}
});
rs.<span class="hljs-title function_">resume</span>(); <span class="hljs-comment">// Drain the stream.</span></code></pre>
<p>Especially useful in error handling scenarios where a stream is destroyed
prematurely (like an aborted HTTP request), and will not emit <code>'end'</code>
or <code>'finish'</code>.</p>
<p>The <code>finished</code> API provides promise version:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { finished } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream/promises'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> rs = fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'archive.tar'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">run</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">finished</span>(rs);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Stream is done reading.'</span>);
}
<span class="hljs-title function_">run</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_">catch</span>(<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-property">error</span>);
rs.<span class="hljs-title function_">resume</span>(); <span class="hljs-comment">// Drain the stream.</span></code></pre>
<p><code>stream.finished()</code> leaves dangling event listeners (in particular
<code>'error'</code>, <code>'end'</code>, <code>'finish'</code> and <code>'close'</code>) after <code>callback</code> has been
invoked. The reason for this is so that unexpected <code>'error'</code> events (due to
incorrect stream implementations) do not cause unexpected crashes.
If this is unwanted behavior then the returned cleanup function needs to be
invoked in the callback:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> cleanup = <span class="hljs-title function_">finished</span>(rs, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-title function_">cleanup</span>();
<span class="hljs-comment">// ...</span>
});</code></pre>
<h4><code>stream.pipeline(source[, ...transforms], destination, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#streampipelinesource-transforms-destination-callback" id="streampipelinesource-transforms-destination-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_stream_pipeline_source_transforms_destination_callback"></a></h4>
<h4><code>stream.pipeline(streams, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#streampipelinestreams-callback" id="streampipelinestreams-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_stream_pipeline_streams_callback"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v14.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>pipeline(..., cb)</code> will wait for the <code>'close'</code> event before invoking the callback. The implementation tries to detect legacy streams and only apply this behavior to streams which are expected to emit <code>'close'</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v13.10.0</td>
<td><p>Add support for async generators.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v10.0.0</span></p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>streams</code> <a href="stream.html#stream" class="type"><Stream[]></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols#The_iterable_protocol" class="type"><Iterable[]></a> | <a href="https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-asynciterable-interface" class="type"><AsyncIterable[]></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function[]></a></li>
<li><code>source</code> <a href="stream.html#stream" class="type"><Stream></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols#The_iterable_protocol" class="type"><Iterable></a> | <a href="https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-asynciterable-interface" class="type"><AsyncIterable></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a>
<ul>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols#The_iterable_protocol" class="type"><Iterable></a> | <a href="https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-asynciterable-interface" class="type"><AsyncIterable></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>...transforms</code> <a href="stream.html#stream" class="type"><Stream></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a>
<ul>
<li><code>source</code> <a href="https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-asynciterable-interface" class="type"><AsyncIterable></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-asynciterable-interface" class="type"><AsyncIterable></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>destination</code> <a href="stream.html#stream" class="type"><Stream></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a>
<ul>
<li><code>source</code> <a href="https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-asynciterable-interface" class="type"><AsyncIterable></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-asynciterable-interface" class="type"><AsyncIterable></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> Called when the pipeline is fully done.
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a></li>
<li><code>val</code> Resolved value of <code>Promise</code> returned by <code>destination</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="stream.html#stream" class="type"><Stream></a></li>
</ul>
<p>A module method to pipe between streams and generators forwarding errors and
properly cleaning up and provide a callback when the pipeline is complete.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { pipeline } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> fs = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> zlib = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'zlib'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Use the pipeline API to easily pipe a series of streams</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// together and get notified when the pipeline is fully done.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// A pipeline to gzip a potentially huge tar file efficiently:</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">pipeline</span>(
fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'archive.tar'</span>),
zlib.<span class="hljs-title function_">createGzip</span>(),
fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createWriteStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'archive.tar.gz'</span>),
<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">error</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Pipeline failed.'</span>, err);
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Pipeline succeeded.'</span>);
}
}
);</code></pre>
<p>The <code>pipeline</code> API provides a promise version, which can also
receive an options argument as the last parameter with a
<code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> property. When the signal is aborted,
<code>destroy</code> will be called on the underlying pipeline, with an
<code>AbortError</code>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { pipeline } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream/promises'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">run</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">pipeline</span>(
fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'archive.tar'</span>),
zlib.<span class="hljs-title function_">createGzip</span>(),
fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createWriteStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'archive.tar.gz'</span>)
);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Pipeline succeeded.'</span>);
}
<span class="hljs-title function_">run</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_">catch</span>(<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-property">error</span>);</code></pre>
<p>To use an <code>AbortSignal</code>, pass it inside an options object,
as the last argument:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { pipeline } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream/promises'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">run</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> ac = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AbortController</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> signal = ac.<span class="hljs-property">signal</span>;
<span class="hljs-built_in">setTimeout</span>(<span class="hljs-function">() =></span> ac.<span class="hljs-title function_">abort</span>(), <span class="hljs-number">1</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">pipeline</span>(
fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'archive.tar'</span>),
zlib.<span class="hljs-title function_">createGzip</span>(),
fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createWriteStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'archive.tar.gz'</span>),
{ signal },
);
}
<span class="hljs-title function_">run</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_">catch</span>(<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-property">error</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// AbortError</span></code></pre>
<p>The <code>pipeline</code> API also supports async generators:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { pipeline } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream/promises'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> fs = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">run</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">pipeline</span>(
fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'lowercase.txt'</span>),
<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>* (source, { signal }) {
source.<span class="hljs-title function_">setEncoding</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// Work with strings rather than `Buffer`s.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> chunk <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> source) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">yield</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">processChunk</span>(chunk, { signal });
}
},
fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createWriteStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'uppercase.txt'</span>)
);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Pipeline succeeded.'</span>);
}
<span class="hljs-title function_">run</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_">catch</span>(<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-property">error</span>);</code></pre>
<p>Remember to handle the <code>signal</code> argument passed into the async generator.
Especially in the case where the async generator is the source for the
pipeline (i.e. first argument) or the pipeline will never complete.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { pipeline } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream/promises'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> fs = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">run</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">pipeline</span>(
<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>* ({ signal }) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">someLongRunningfn</span>({ signal });
<span class="hljs-keyword">yield</span> <span class="hljs-string">'asd'</span>;
},
fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createWriteStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'uppercase.txt'</span>)
);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'Pipeline succeeded.'</span>);
}
<span class="hljs-title function_">run</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_">catch</span>(<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-property">error</span>);</code></pre>
<p><code>stream.pipeline()</code> will call <code>stream.destroy(err)</code> on all streams except:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>Readable</code> streams which have emitted <code>'end'</code> or <code>'close'</code>.</li>
<li><code>Writable</code> streams which have emitted <code>'finish'</code> or <code>'close'</code>.</li>
</ul>
<p><code>stream.pipeline()</code> leaves dangling event listeners on the streams
after the <code>callback</code> has been invoked. In the case of reuse of streams after
failure, this can cause event listener leaks and swallowed errors.</p>
<p><code>stream.pipeline()</code> closes all the streams when an error is raised.
The <code>IncomingRequest</code> usage with <code>pipeline</code> could lead to an unexpected behavior
once it would destroy the socket without sending the expected response.
See the example below:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> fs = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> http = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'http'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { pipeline } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> server = http.<span class="hljs-title function_">createServer</span>(<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">req, res</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> fileStream = fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./fileNotExist.txt'</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">pipeline</span>(fileStream, res, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(err); <span class="hljs-comment">// No such file</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// this message can't be sent once `pipeline` already destroyed the socket</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> res.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'error!!!'</span>);
}
});
});</code></pre>
<h4><code>stream.compose(...streams)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#streamcomposestreams" id="streamcomposestreams">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_stream_compose_streams"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v16.9.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - <code>stream.compose</code> is experimental.</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>streams</code> <a href="stream.html#stream" class="type"><Stream[]></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols#The_iterable_protocol" class="type"><Iterable[]></a> | <a href="https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-asynciterable-interface" class="type"><AsyncIterable[]></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function[]></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="stream.html#class-streamduplex" class="type"><stream.Duplex></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Combines two or more streams into a <code>Duplex</code> stream that writes to the
first stream and reads from the last. Each provided stream is piped into
the next, using <code>stream.pipeline</code>. If any of the streams error then all
are destroyed, including the outer <code>Duplex</code> stream.</p>
<p>Because <code>stream.compose</code> returns a new stream that in turn can (and
should) be piped into other streams, it enables composition. In contrast,
when passing streams to <code>stream.pipeline</code>, typically the first stream is
a readable stream and the last a writable stream, forming a closed
circuit.</p>
<p>If passed a <code>Function</code> it must be a factory method taking a <code>source</code>
<code>Iterable</code>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { compose, <span class="hljs-title class_">Transform</span> } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> removeSpaces = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Transform</span>({
<span class="hljs-title function_">transform</span>(<span class="hljs-params">chunk, encoding, callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>(<span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, <span class="hljs-title class_">String</span>(chunk).<span class="hljs-title function_">replace</span>(<span class="hljs-string">' '</span>, <span class="hljs-string">''</span>));
}
});
<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>* <span class="hljs-title function_">toUpper</span>(<span class="hljs-params">source</span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> chunk <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> source) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">yield</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">String</span>(chunk).<span class="hljs-title function_">toUpperCase</span>();
}
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> res = <span class="hljs-string">''</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> buf <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">compose</span>(removeSpaces, toUpper).<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'hello world'</span>)) {
res += buf;
}
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(res); <span class="hljs-comment">// prints 'HELLOWORLD'</span></code></pre>
<p><code>stream.compose</code> can be used to convert async iterables, generators and
functions into streams.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>AsyncIterable</code> converts into a readable <code>Duplex</code>. Cannot yield
<code>null</code>.</li>
<li><code>AsyncGeneratorFunction</code> converts into a readable/writable transform <code>Duplex</code>.
Must take a source <code>AsyncIterable</code> as first parameter. Cannot yield
<code>null</code>.</li>
<li><code>AsyncFunction</code> converts into a writable <code>Duplex</code>. Must return
either <code>null</code> or <code>undefined</code>.</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="language-js mjs"><span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { compose } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">import</span> { finished } <span class="hljs-keyword">from</span> <span class="hljs-string">'stream/promises'</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// Convert AsyncIterable into readable Duplex.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> s1 = <span class="hljs-title function_">compose</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>*() {
<span class="hljs-keyword">yield</span> <span class="hljs-string">'Hello'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">yield</span> <span class="hljs-string">'World'</span>;
}());
<span class="hljs-comment">// Convert AsyncGenerator into transform Duplex.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> s2 = <span class="hljs-title function_">compose</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>*(source) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> chunk <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> source) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">yield</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">String</span>(chunk).<span class="hljs-title function_">toUpperCase</span>();
}
});
<span class="hljs-keyword">let</span> res = <span class="hljs-string">''</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// Convert AsyncFunction into writable Duplex.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> s3 = <span class="hljs-title function_">compose</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>(<span class="hljs-params">source</span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> chunk <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> source) {
res += chunk;
}
});
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">finished</span>(<span class="hljs-title function_">compose</span>(s1, s2, s3));
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(res); <span class="hljs-comment">// prints 'HELLOWORLD'</span></code></pre>
<h4><code>stream.Readable.from(iterable[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#streamreadablefromiterable-options" id="streamreadablefromiterable-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_stream_readable_from_iterable_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v12.3.0, v10.17.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>iterable</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols#The_iterable_protocol" class="type"><Iterable></a> Object implementing the <code>Symbol.asyncIterator</code> or
<code>Symbol.iterator</code> iterable protocol. Emits an 'error' event if a null
value is passed.</li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> Options provided to <code>new stream.Readable([options])</code>.
By default, <code>Readable.from()</code> will set <code>options.objectMode</code> to <code>true</code>, unless
this is explicitly opted out by setting <code>options.objectMode</code> to <code>false</code>.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="stream.html#class-streamreadable" class="type"><stream.Readable></a></li>
</ul>
<p>A utility method for creating readable streams out of iterators.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> * <span class="hljs-title function_">generate</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">yield</span> <span class="hljs-string">'hello'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">yield</span> <span class="hljs-string">'streams'</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> readable = <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(<span class="hljs-title function_">generate</span>());
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'data'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">chunk</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(chunk);
});</code></pre>
<p>Calling <code>Readable.from(string)</code> or <code>Readable.from(buffer)</code> will not have
the strings or buffers be iterated to match the other streams semantics
for performance reasons.</p>
<h4><code>stream.Readable.isDisturbed(stream)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#streamreadableisdisturbedstream" id="streamreadableisdisturbedstream">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_stream_readable_isdisturbed_stream"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v16.8.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>stream</code> <a href="stream.html#class-streamreadable" class="type"><stream.Readable></a> | <a href="webstreams.html#class-readablestream" class="type"><ReadableStream></a></li>
<li>Returns: <code>boolean</code></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns whether the stream has been read from or cancelled.</p>
<h4><code>stream.isErrored(stream)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#streamiserroredstream" id="streamiserroredstream">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_stream_iserrored_stream"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v16.14.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>stream</code> <a href="stream.html#class-streamreadable" class="type"><Readable></a> | <a href="stream.html#class-streamwritable" class="type"><Writable></a> | <a href="stream.html#class-streamduplex" class="type"><Duplex></a> | <a href="webstreams.html#class-writablestream" class="type"><WritableStream></a> | <a href="webstreams.html#class-readablestream" class="type"><ReadableStream></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns whether the stream has encountered an error.</p>
<h4><code>stream.isReadable(stream)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#streamisreadablestream" id="streamisreadablestream">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_stream_isreadable_stream"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v16.14.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>stream</code> <a href="stream.html#class-streamreadable" class="type"><Readable></a> | <a href="stream.html#class-streamduplex" class="type"><Duplex></a> | <a href="webstreams.html#class-readablestream" class="type"><ReadableStream></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
</ul>
<p>Returns whether the stream is readable.</p>
<h4><code>stream.Readable.toWeb(streamReadable)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#streamreadabletowebstreamreadable" id="streamreadabletowebstreamreadable">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_stream_readable_toweb_streamreadable"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v17.0.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>streamReadable</code> <a href="stream.html#class-streamreadable" class="type"><stream.Readable></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="webstreams.html#class-readablestream" class="type"><ReadableStream></a></li>
</ul>
<h4><code>stream.Writable.fromWeb(writableStream[, options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#streamwritablefromwebwritablestream-options" id="streamwritablefromwebwritablestream-options">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_stream_writable_fromweb_writablestream_options"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v17.0.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>writableStream</code> <a href="webstreams.html#class-writablestream" class="type"><WritableStream></a></li>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>decodeStrings</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
<li><code>highWaterMark</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a></li>
<li><code>objectMode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a></li>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="stream.html#class-streamwritable" class="type"><stream.Writable></a></li>
</ul>
<h4><code>stream.Writable.toWeb(streamWritable)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#streamwritabletowebstreamwritable" id="streamwritabletowebstreamwritable">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_stream_writable_toweb_streamwritable"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v17.0.0</span>
</div>
<p></p><div class="api_stability api_stability_1"><a href="documentation.html#stability-index">Stability: 1</a> - Experimental</div><p></p>
<ul>
<li><code>streamWritable</code> <a href="stream.html#class-streamwritable" class="type"><stream.Writable></a></li>
<li>Returns: <a href="webstreams.html#class-writablestream" class="type"><WritableStream></a></li>
</ul>
<h4><code>stream.Duplex.from(src)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#streamduplexfromsrc" id="streamduplexfromsrc">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_stream_duplex_from_src"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v16.8.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>src</code> <a href="stream.html#stream" class="type"><Stream></a> | <a href="buffer.html#class-blob" class="type"><Blob></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ArrayBuffer" class="type"><ArrayBuffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols#The_iterable_protocol" class="type"><Iterable></a> | <a href="https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-asynciterable-interface" class="type"><AsyncIterable></a> | <a href="https://tc39.es/proposal-async-iteration/#sec-asyncgeneratorfunction-constructor" class="type"><AsyncGeneratorFunction></a> | <a href="https://tc39.es/ecma262/#sec-async-function-constructor" class="type"><AsyncFunction></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Promise" class="type"><Promise></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a></li>
</ul>
<p>A utility method for creating duplex streams.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>Stream</code> converts writable stream into writable <code>Duplex</code> and readable stream
to <code>Duplex</code>.</li>
<li><code>Blob</code> converts into readable <code>Duplex</code>.</li>
<li><code>string</code> converts into readable <code>Duplex</code>.</li>
<li><code>ArrayBuffer</code> converts into readable <code>Duplex</code>.</li>
<li><code>AsyncIterable</code> converts into a readable <code>Duplex</code>. Cannot yield
<code>null</code>.</li>
<li><code>AsyncGeneratorFunction</code> converts into a readable/writable transform
<code>Duplex</code>. Must take a source <code>AsyncIterable</code> as first parameter. Cannot yield
<code>null</code>.</li>
<li><code>AsyncFunction</code> converts into a writable <code>Duplex</code>. Must return
either <code>null</code> or <code>undefined</code></li>
<li><code>Object ({ writable, readable })</code> converts <code>readable</code> and
<code>writable</code> into <code>Stream</code> and then combines them into <code>Duplex</code> where the
<code>Duplex</code> will write to the <code>writable</code> and read from the <code>readable</code>.</li>
<li><code>Promise</code> converts into readable <code>Duplex</code>. Value <code>null</code> is ignored.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="stream.html#class-streamduplex" class="type"><stream.Duplex></a></li>
</ul>
<h4><code>stream.addAbortSignal(signal, stream)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#streamaddabortsignalsignal-stream" id="streamaddabortsignalsignal-stream">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_stream_addabortsignal_signal_stream"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.4.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> A signal representing possible cancellation</li>
<li><code>stream</code> <a href="stream.html#stream" class="type"><Stream></a> a stream to attach a signal to</li>
</ul>
<p>Attaches an AbortSignal to a readable or writeable stream. This lets code
control stream destruction using an <code>AbortController</code>.</p>
<p>Calling <code>abort</code> on the <code>AbortController</code> corresponding to the passed
<code>AbortSignal</code> will behave the same way as calling <code>.destroy(new AbortError())</code>
on the stream.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> fs = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> controller = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AbortController</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> read = <span class="hljs-title function_">addAbortSignal</span>(
controller.<span class="hljs-property">signal</span>,
fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>((<span class="hljs-string">'object.json'</span>))
);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Later, abort the operation closing the stream</span>
controller.<span class="hljs-title function_">abort</span>();</code></pre>
<p>Or using an <code>AbortSignal</code> with a readable stream as an async iterable:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> controller = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AbortController</span>();
<span class="hljs-built_in">setTimeout</span>(<span class="hljs-function">() =></span> controller.<span class="hljs-title function_">abort</span>(), <span class="hljs-number">10_000</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// set a timeout</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> stream = <span class="hljs-title function_">addAbortSignal</span>(
controller.<span class="hljs-property">signal</span>,
fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>((<span class="hljs-string">'object.json'</span>))
);
(<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> () => {
<span class="hljs-keyword">try</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> chunk <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> stream) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">process</span>(chunk);
}
} <span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span> (e) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (e.<span class="hljs-property">name</span> === <span class="hljs-string">'AbortError'</span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// The operation was cancelled</span>
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">throw</span> e;
}
}
})();</code></pre>
</section><section><h3>API for stream implementers<span><a class="mark" href="#api-for-stream-implementers" id="api-for-stream-implementers">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_api_for_stream_implementers"></a></h3>
<p>The <code>stream</code> module API has been designed to make it possible to easily
implement streams using JavaScript's prototypal inheritance model.</p>
<p>First, a stream developer would declare a new JavaScript class that extends one
of the four basic stream classes (<code>stream.Writable</code>, <code>stream.Readable</code>,
<code>stream.Duplex</code>, or <code>stream.Transform</code>), making sure they call the appropriate
parent class constructor:</p>
<!-- eslint-disable no-useless-constructor -->
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">MyWritable</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_ inherited__">Writable</span> {
<span class="hljs-title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="hljs-params">{ highWaterMark, ...options }</span>) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">super</span>({ highWaterMark });
<span class="hljs-comment">// ...</span>
}
}</code></pre>
<p>When extending streams, keep in mind what options the user
can and should provide before forwarding these to the base constructor. For
example, if the implementation makes assumptions in regard to the
<code>autoDestroy</code> and <code>emitClose</code> options, do not allow the
user to override these. Be explicit about what
options are forwarded instead of implicitly forwarding all options.</p>
<p>The new stream class must then implement one or more specific methods, depending
on the type of stream being created, as detailed in the chart below:</p>
<table><thead><tr><th>Use-case</th><th>Class</th><th>Method(s) to implement</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Reading only</td><td><a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a></td><td><a href="#readable_readsize"><code>_read()</code></a></td></tr><tr><td>Writing only</td><td><a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a></td><td><a href="#writable_writechunk-encoding-callback"><code>_write()</code></a>, <a href="#writable_writevchunks-callback"><code>_writev()</code></a>, <a href="#writable_finalcallback"><code>_final()</code></a></td></tr><tr><td>Reading and writing</td><td><a href="#class-streamduplex"><code>Duplex</code></a></td><td><a href="#readable_readsize"><code>_read()</code></a>, <a href="#writable_writechunk-encoding-callback"><code>_write()</code></a>, <a href="#writable_writevchunks-callback"><code>_writev()</code></a>, <a href="#writable_finalcallback"><code>_final()</code></a></td></tr><tr><td>Operate on written data, then read the result</td><td><a href="#class-streamtransform"><code>Transform</code></a></td><td><a href="#transform_transformchunk-encoding-callback"><code>_transform()</code></a>, <a href="#transform_flushcallback"><code>_flush()</code></a>, <a href="#writable_finalcallback"><code>_final()</code></a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The implementation code for a stream should <em>never</em> call the "public" methods
of a stream that are intended for use by consumers (as described in the
<a href="#api-for-stream-consumers">API for stream consumers</a> section). Doing so may lead to adverse side effects
in application code consuming the stream.</p>
<p>Avoid overriding public methods such as <code>write()</code>, <code>end()</code>, <code>cork()</code>,
<code>uncork()</code>, <code>read()</code> and <code>destroy()</code>, or emitting internal events such
as <code>'error'</code>, <code>'data'</code>, <code>'end'</code>, <code>'finish'</code> and <code>'close'</code> through <code>.emit()</code>.
Doing so can break current and future stream invariants leading to behavior
and/or compatibility issues with other streams, stream utilities, and user
expectations.</p>
<h4>Simplified construction<span><a class="mark" href="#simplified-construction" id="simplified-construction">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_simplified_construction"></a></h4>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v1.2.0</span>
</div>
<p>For many simple cases, it is possible to create a stream without relying on
inheritance. This can be accomplished by directly creating instances of the
<code>stream.Writable</code>, <code>stream.Readable</code>, <code>stream.Duplex</code> or <code>stream.Transform</code>
objects and passing appropriate methods as constructor options.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> myWritable = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span>({
<span class="hljs-title function_">construct</span>(<span class="hljs-params">callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Initialize state and load resources...</span>
},
<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-params">chunk, encoding, callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// ...</span>
},
<span class="hljs-title function_">destroy</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Free resources...</span>
}
});</code></pre>
<h4>Implementing a writable stream<span><a class="mark" href="#implementing-a-writable-stream" id="implementing-a-writable-stream">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_implementing_a_writable_stream"></a></h4>
<p>The <code>stream.Writable</code> class is extended to implement a <a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a> stream.</p>
<p>Custom <code>Writable</code> streams <em>must</em> call the <code>new stream.Writable([options])</code>
constructor and implement the <code>writable._write()</code> and/or <code>writable._writev()</code>
method.</p>
<h5><code>new stream.Writable([options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#new-streamwritableoptions" id="new-streamwritableoptions">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_new_stream_writable_options"></a></h5>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v15.5.0</td>
<td><p>support passing in an AbortSignal.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v14.0.0</td>
<td><p>Change <code>autoDestroy</code> option default to <code>true</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.2.0, v10.16.0</td>
<td><p>Add <code>autoDestroy</code> option to automatically <code>destroy()</code> the stream when it emits <code>'finish'</code> or errors.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v10.0.0</td>
<td><p>Add <code>emitClose</code> option to specify if <code>'close'</code> is emitted on destroy.</p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>highWaterMark</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Buffer level when
<a href="#writablewritechunk-encoding-callback"><code>stream.write()</code></a> starts returning <code>false</code>. <strong>Default:</strong>
<code>16384</code> (16 KB), or <code>16</code> for <code>objectMode</code> streams.</li>
<li><code>decodeStrings</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Whether to encode <code>string</code>s passed to
<a href="#writablewritechunk-encoding-callback"><code>stream.write()</code></a> to <code>Buffer</code>s (with the encoding
specified in the <a href="#writablewritechunk-encoding-callback"><code>stream.write()</code></a> call) before passing
them to <a href="#writable_writechunk-encoding-callback"><code>stream._write()</code></a>. Other types of data are not
converted (i.e. <code>Buffer</code>s are not decoded into <code>string</code>s). Setting to
false will prevent <code>string</code>s from being converted. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code>.</li>
<li><code>defaultEncoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The default encoding that is used when no
encoding is specified as an argument to <a href="#writablewritechunk-encoding-callback"><code>stream.write()</code></a>.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>'utf8'</code>.</li>
<li><code>objectMode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Whether or not the
<a href="#writablewritechunk-encoding-callback"><code>stream.write(anyObj)</code></a> is a valid operation. When set,
it becomes possible to write JavaScript values other than string,
<code>Buffer</code> or <code>Uint8Array</code> if supported by the stream implementation.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
<li><code>emitClose</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Whether or not the stream should emit <code>'close'</code>
after it has been destroyed. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code>.</li>
<li><code>write</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> Implementation for the
<a href="#writable_writechunk-encoding-callback"><code>stream._write()</code></a> method.</li>
<li><code>writev</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> Implementation for the
<a href="#writable_writevchunks-callback"><code>stream._writev()</code></a> method.</li>
<li><code>destroy</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> Implementation for the
<a href="#writable_destroyerr-callback"><code>stream._destroy()</code></a> method.</li>
<li><code>final</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> Implementation for the
<a href="#writable_finalcallback"><code>stream._final()</code></a> method.</li>
<li><code>construct</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> Implementation for the
<a href="#writable_constructcallback"><code>stream._construct()</code></a> method.</li>
<li><code>autoDestroy</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Whether this stream should automatically call
<code>.destroy()</code> on itself after ending. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code>.</li>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> A signal representing possible cancellation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<!-- eslint-disable no-useless-constructor -->
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">MyWritable</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_ inherited__">Writable</span> {
<span class="hljs-title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="hljs-params">options</span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Calls the stream.Writable() constructor.</span>
<span class="hljs-variable language_">super</span>(options);
<span class="hljs-comment">// ...</span>
}
}</code></pre>
<p>Or, when using pre-ES6 style constructors:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> util = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'util'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">MyWritable</span>(<span class="hljs-params">options</span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (!(<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">instanceof</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">MyWritable</span>))
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">MyWritable</span>(options);
<span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">call</span>(<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>, options);
}
util.<span class="hljs-title function_">inherits</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">MyWritable</span>, <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span>);</code></pre>
<p>Or, using the simplified constructor approach:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> myWritable = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span>({
<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-params">chunk, encoding, callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// ...</span>
},
<span class="hljs-title function_">writev</span>(<span class="hljs-params">chunks, callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// ...</span>
}
});</code></pre>
<p>Calling <code>abort</code> on the <code>AbortController</code> corresponding to the passed
<code>AbortSignal</code> will behave the same way as calling <code>.destroy(new AbortError())</code>
on the writeable stream.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> controller = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AbortController</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> myWritable = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span>({
<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-params">chunk, encoding, callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// ...</span>
},
<span class="hljs-title function_">writev</span>(<span class="hljs-params">chunks, callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// ...</span>
},
<span class="hljs-attr">signal</span>: controller.<span class="hljs-property">signal</span>
});
<span class="hljs-comment">// Later, abort the operation closing the stream</span>
controller.<span class="hljs-title function_">abort</span>();</code></pre>
<h5><code>writable._construct(callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#writable_constructcallback" id="writable_constructcallback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_construct_callback"></a></h5>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> Call this function (optionally with an error
argument) when the stream has finished initializing.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>_construct()</code> method MUST NOT be called directly. It may be implemented
by child classes, and if so, will be called by the internal <code>Writable</code>
class methods only.</p>
<p>This optional function will be called in a tick after the stream constructor
has returned, delaying any <code>_write()</code>, <code>_final()</code> and <code>_destroy()</code> calls until
<code>callback</code> is called. This is useful to initialize state or asynchronously
initialize resources before the stream can be used.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> fs = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">WriteStream</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_ inherited__">Writable</span> {
<span class="hljs-title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="hljs-params">filename</span>) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">super</span>();
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">filename</span> = filename;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">fd</span> = <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-title function_">_construct</span>(<span class="hljs-params">callback</span>) {
fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">open</span>(<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">filename</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, fd</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) {
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>(err);
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">fd</span> = fd;
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>();
}
});
}
<span class="hljs-title function_">_write</span>(<span class="hljs-params">chunk, encoding, callback</span>) {
fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">fd</span>, chunk, callback);
}
<span class="hljs-title function_">_destroy</span>(<span class="hljs-params">err, callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">fd</span>) {
fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">close</span>(<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">fd</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">er</span>) =></span> <span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>(er || err));
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>(err);
}
}
}</code></pre>
<h5><code>writable._write(chunk, encoding, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#writable_writechunk-encoding-callback" id="writable_writechunk-encoding-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_write_chunk_encoding_callback_1"></a></h5>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v12.11.0</td>
<td><p>_write() is optional when providing _writev().</p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>chunk</code> <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Data_types" class="type"><any></a> The <code>Buffer</code> to be written, converted from the
<code>string</code> passed to <a href="#writablewritechunk-encoding-callback"><code>stream.write()</code></a>. If the stream's
<code>decodeStrings</code> option is <code>false</code> or the stream is operating in object mode,
the chunk will not be converted & will be whatever was passed to
<a href="#writablewritechunk-encoding-callback"><code>stream.write()</code></a>.</li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> If the chunk is a string, then <code>encoding</code> is the
character encoding of that string. If chunk is a <code>Buffer</code>, or if the
stream is operating in object mode, <code>encoding</code> may be ignored.</li>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> Call this function (optionally with an error
argument) when processing is complete for the supplied chunk.</li>
</ul>
<p>All <code>Writable</code> stream implementations must provide a
<a href="#writable_writechunk-encoding-callback"><code>writable._write()</code></a> and/or
<a href="#writable_writevchunks-callback"><code>writable._writev()</code></a> method to send data to the underlying
resource.</p>
<p><a href="#class-streamtransform"><code>Transform</code></a> streams provide their own implementation of the
<a href="#writable_writechunk-encoding-callback"><code>writable._write()</code></a>.</p>
<p>This function MUST NOT be called by application code directly. It should be
implemented by child classes, and called by the internal <code>Writable</code> class
methods only.</p>
<p>The <code>callback</code> function must be called synchronously inside of
<code>writable._write()</code> or asynchronously (i.e. different tick) to signal either
that the write completed successfully or failed with an error.
The first argument passed to the <code>callback</code> must be the <code>Error</code> object if the
call failed or <code>null</code> if the write succeeded.</p>
<p>All calls to <code>writable.write()</code> that occur between the time <code>writable._write()</code>
is called and the <code>callback</code> is called will cause the written data to be
buffered. When the <code>callback</code> is invoked, the stream might emit a <a href="#event-drain"><code>'drain'</code></a>
event. If a stream implementation is capable of processing multiple chunks of
data at once, the <code>writable._writev()</code> method should be implemented.</p>
<p>If the <code>decodeStrings</code> property is explicitly set to <code>false</code> in the constructor
options, then <code>chunk</code> will remain the same object that is passed to <code>.write()</code>,
and may be a string rather than a <code>Buffer</code>. This is to support implementations
that have an optimized handling for certain string data encodings. In that case,
the <code>encoding</code> argument will indicate the character encoding of the string.
Otherwise, the <code>encoding</code> argument can be safely ignored.</p>
<p>The <code>writable._write()</code> method is prefixed with an underscore because it is
internal to the class that defines it, and should never be called directly by
user programs.</p>
<h5><code>writable._writev(chunks, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#writable_writevchunks-callback" id="writable_writevchunks-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_writev_chunks_callback"></a></h5>
<ul>
<li><code>chunks</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object[]></a> The data to be written. The value is an array of <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
that each represent a discrete chunk of data to write. The properties of
these objects are:
<ul>
<li><code>chunk</code> <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> A buffer instance or string containing the data to
be written. The <code>chunk</code> will be a string if the <code>Writable</code> was created with
the <code>decodeStrings</code> option set to <code>false</code> and a string was passed to <code>write()</code>.</li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> The character encoding of the <code>chunk</code>. If <code>chunk</code> is
a <code>Buffer</code>, the <code>encoding</code> will be <code>'buffer'</code>.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> A callback function (optionally with an error
argument) to be invoked when processing is complete for the supplied chunks.</li>
</ul>
<p>This function MUST NOT be called by application code directly. It should be
implemented by child classes, and called by the internal <code>Writable</code> class
methods only.</p>
<p>The <code>writable._writev()</code> method may be implemented in addition or alternatively
to <code>writable._write()</code> in stream implementations that are capable of processing
multiple chunks of data at once. If implemented and if there is buffered data
from previous writes, <code>_writev()</code> will be called instead of <code>_write()</code>.</p>
<p>The <code>writable._writev()</code> method is prefixed with an underscore because it is
internal to the class that defines it, and should never be called directly by
user programs.</p>
<h5><code>writable._destroy(err, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#writable_destroyerr-callback" id="writable_destroyerr-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_destroy_err_callback"></a></h5>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v8.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a> A possible error.</li>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> A callback function that takes an optional error
argument.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>_destroy()</code> method is called by <a href="#writabledestroyerror"><code>writable.destroy()</code></a>.
It can be overridden by child classes but it <strong>must not</strong> be called directly.
Furthermore, the <code>callback</code> should not be mixed with async/await
once it is executed when a promise is resolved.</p>
<h5><code>writable._final(callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#writable_finalcallback" id="writable_finalcallback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_writable_final_callback"></a></h5>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v8.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> Call this function (optionally with an error
argument) when finished writing any remaining data.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>_final()</code> method <strong>must not</strong> be called directly. It may be implemented
by child classes, and if so, will be called by the internal <code>Writable</code>
class methods only.</p>
<p>This optional function will be called before the stream closes, delaying the
<code>'finish'</code> event until <code>callback</code> is called. This is useful to close resources
or write buffered data before a stream ends.</p>
<h5>Errors while writing<span><a class="mark" href="#errors-while-writing" id="errors-while-writing">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_errors_while_writing"></a></h5>
<p>Errors occurring during the processing of the <a href="#writable_writechunk-encoding-callback"><code>writable._write()</code></a>,
<a href="#writable_writevchunks-callback"><code>writable._writev()</code></a> and <a href="#writable_finalcallback"><code>writable._final()</code></a> methods must be propagated
by invoking the callback and passing the error as the first argument.
Throwing an <code>Error</code> from within these methods or manually emitting an <code>'error'</code>
event results in undefined behavior.</p>
<p>If a <code>Readable</code> stream pipes into a <code>Writable</code> stream when <code>Writable</code> emits an
error, the <code>Readable</code> stream will be unpiped.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> myWritable = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span>({
<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-params">chunk, encoding, callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (chunk.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_">indexOf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>) >= <span class="hljs-number">0</span>) {
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Error</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'chunk is invalid'</span>));
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>();
}
}
});</code></pre>
<h5>An example writable stream<span><a class="mark" href="#an-example-writable-stream" id="an-example-writable-stream">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_an_example_writable_stream"></a></h5>
<p>The following illustrates a rather simplistic (and somewhat pointless) custom
<code>Writable</code> stream implementation. While this specific <code>Writable</code> stream instance
is not of any real particular usefulness, the example illustrates each of the
required elements of a custom <a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a> stream instance:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">MyWritable</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_ inherited__">Writable</span> {
<span class="hljs-title function_">_write</span>(<span class="hljs-params">chunk, encoding, callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (chunk.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>().<span class="hljs-title function_">indexOf</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>) >= <span class="hljs-number">0</span>) {
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Error</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'chunk is invalid'</span>));
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>();
}
}
}</code></pre>
<h5>Decoding buffers in a writable stream<span><a class="mark" href="#decoding-buffers-in-a-writable-stream" id="decoding-buffers-in-a-writable-stream">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_decoding_buffers_in_a_writable_stream"></a></h5>
<p>Decoding buffers is a common task, for instance, when using transformers whose
input is a string. This is not a trivial process when using multi-byte
characters encoding, such as UTF-8. The following example shows how to decode
multi-byte strings using <code>StringDecoder</code> and <a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Writable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">StringDecoder</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'string_decoder'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">StringWritable</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_ inherited__">Writable</span> {
<span class="hljs-title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="hljs-params">options</span>) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">super</span>(options);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">_decoder</span> = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">StringDecoder</span>(options && options.<span class="hljs-property">defaultEncoding</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">data</span> = <span class="hljs-string">''</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-title function_">_write</span>(<span class="hljs-params">chunk, encoding, callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (encoding === <span class="hljs-string">'buffer'</span>) {
chunk = <span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">_decoder</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(chunk);
}
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">data</span> += chunk;
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>();
}
<span class="hljs-title function_">_final</span>(<span class="hljs-params">callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">data</span> += <span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">_decoder</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>();
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>();
}
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> euro = [[<span class="hljs-number">0xE2</span>, <span class="hljs-number">0x82</span>], [<span class="hljs-number">0xAC</span>]].<span class="hljs-title function_">map</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-property">from</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> w = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">StringWritable</span>();
w.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'currency: '</span>);
w.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(euro[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>]);
w.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>(euro[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>]);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(w.<span class="hljs-property">data</span>); <span class="hljs-comment">// currency: €</span></code></pre>
<h4>Implementing a readable stream<span><a class="mark" href="#implementing-a-readable-stream" id="implementing-a-readable-stream">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_implementing_a_readable_stream"></a></h4>
<p>The <code>stream.Readable</code> class is extended to implement a <a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a> stream.</p>
<p>Custom <code>Readable</code> streams <em>must</em> call the <code>new stream.Readable([options])</code>
constructor and implement the <a href="#readable_readsize"><code>readable._read()</code></a> method.</p>
<h5><code>new stream.Readable([options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#new-streamreadableoptions" id="new-streamreadableoptions">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_new_stream_readable_options"></a></h5>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v15.5.0</td>
<td><p>support passing in an AbortSignal.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v14.0.0</td>
<td><p>Change <code>autoDestroy</code> option default to <code>true</code>.</p></td></tr>
<tr><td>v11.2.0, v10.16.0</td>
<td><p>Add <code>autoDestroy</code> option to automatically <code>destroy()</code> the stream when it emits <code>'end'</code> or errors.</p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a>
<ul>
<li><code>highWaterMark</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> The maximum <a href="#highwatermark-discrepancy-after-calling-readablesetencoding">number of bytes</a> to store
in the internal buffer before ceasing to read from the underlying resource.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>16384</code> (16 KB), or <code>16</code> for <code>objectMode</code> streams.</li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> If specified, then buffers will be decoded to
strings using the specified encoding. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>null</code>.</li>
<li><code>objectMode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Whether this stream should behave
as a stream of objects. Meaning that <a href="#readablereadsize"><code>stream.read(n)</code></a> returns
a single value instead of a <code>Buffer</code> of size <code>n</code>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
<li><code>emitClose</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Whether or not the stream should emit <code>'close'</code>
after it has been destroyed. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code>.</li>
<li><code>read</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> Implementation for the <a href="#readable_readsize"><code>stream._read()</code></a>
method.</li>
<li><code>destroy</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> Implementation for the
<a href="#readable_destroyerr-callback"><code>stream._destroy()</code></a> method.</li>
<li><code>construct</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> Implementation for the
<a href="#readable_constructcallback"><code>stream._construct()</code></a> method.</li>
<li><code>autoDestroy</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Whether this stream should automatically call
<code>.destroy()</code> on itself after ending. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code>.</li>
<li><code>signal</code> <a href="globals.html#class-abortsignal" class="type"><AbortSignal></a> A signal representing possible cancellation.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<!-- eslint-disable no-useless-constructor -->
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">MyReadable</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_ inherited__">Readable</span> {
<span class="hljs-title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="hljs-params">options</span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Calls the stream.Readable(options) constructor.</span>
<span class="hljs-variable language_">super</span>(options);
<span class="hljs-comment">// ...</span>
}
}</code></pre>
<p>Or, when using pre-ES6 style constructors:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> util = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'util'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">MyReadable</span>(<span class="hljs-params">options</span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (!(<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">instanceof</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">MyReadable</span>))
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">MyReadable</span>(options);
<span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">call</span>(<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>, options);
}
util.<span class="hljs-title function_">inherits</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">MyReadable</span>, <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>);</code></pre>
<p>Or, using the simplified constructor approach:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> myReadable = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>({
<span class="hljs-title function_">read</span>(<span class="hljs-params">size</span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// ...</span>
}
});</code></pre>
<p>Calling <code>abort</code> on the <code>AbortController</code> corresponding to the passed
<code>AbortSignal</code> will behave the same way as calling <code>.destroy(new AbortError())</code>
on the readable created.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> controller = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AbortController</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> read = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>({
<span class="hljs-title function_">read</span>(<span class="hljs-params">size</span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// ...</span>
},
<span class="hljs-attr">signal</span>: controller.<span class="hljs-property">signal</span>
});
<span class="hljs-comment">// Later, abort the operation closing the stream</span>
controller.<span class="hljs-title function_">abort</span>();</code></pre>
<h5><code>readable._construct(callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readable_constructcallback" id="readable_constructcallback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_construct_callback"></a></h5>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v15.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> Call this function (optionally with an error
argument) when the stream has finished initializing.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>_construct()</code> method MUST NOT be called directly. It may be implemented
by child classes, and if so, will be called by the internal <code>Readable</code>
class methods only.</p>
<p>This optional function will be scheduled in the next tick by the stream
constructor, delaying any <code>_read()</code> and <code>_destroy()</code> calls until <code>callback</code> is
called. This is useful to initialize state or asynchronously initialize
resources before the stream can be used.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> fs = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">ReadStream</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_ inherited__">Readable</span> {
<span class="hljs-title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="hljs-params">filename</span>) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">super</span>();
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">filename</span> = filename;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">fd</span> = <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-title function_">_construct</span>(<span class="hljs-params">callback</span>) {
fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">open</span>(<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">filename</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, fd</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) {
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>(err);
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">fd</span> = fd;
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>();
}
});
}
<span class="hljs-title function_">_read</span>(<span class="hljs-params">n</span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> buf = <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">alloc</span>(n);
fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">read</span>(<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">fd</span>, buf, <span class="hljs-number">0</span>, n, <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, bytesRead</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">destroy</span>(err);
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">push</span>(bytesRead > <span class="hljs-number">0</span> ? buf.<span class="hljs-title function_">slice</span>(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>, bytesRead) : <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>);
}
});
}
<span class="hljs-title function_">_destroy</span>(<span class="hljs-params">err, callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">fd</span>) {
fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">close</span>(<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">fd</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">er</span>) =></span> <span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>(er || err));
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>(err);
}
}
}</code></pre>
<h5><code>readable._read(size)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readable_readsize" id="readable_readsize">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_read_size_1"></a></h5>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.4</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>size</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Number of bytes to read asynchronously</li>
</ul>
<p>This function MUST NOT be called by application code directly. It should be
implemented by child classes, and called by the internal <code>Readable</code> class
methods only.</p>
<p>All <code>Readable</code> stream implementations must provide an implementation of the
<a href="#readable_readsize"><code>readable._read()</code></a> method to fetch data from the underlying resource.</p>
<p>When <a href="#readable_readsize"><code>readable._read()</code></a> is called, if data is available from the resource,
the implementation should begin pushing that data into the read queue using the
<a href="#readablepushchunk-encoding"><code>this.push(dataChunk)</code></a> method. <code>_read()</code> will be called again
after each call to <a href="#readablepushchunk-encoding"><code>this.push(dataChunk)</code></a> once the stream is
ready to accept more data. <code>_read()</code> may continue reading from the resource and
pushing data until <code>readable.push()</code> returns <code>false</code>. Only when <code>_read()</code> is
called again after it has stopped should it resume pushing additional data into
the queue.</p>
<p>Once the <a href="#readable_readsize"><code>readable._read()</code></a> method has been called, it will not be called
again until more data is pushed through the <a href="#readablepushchunk-encoding"><code>readable.push()</code></a>
method. Empty data such as empty buffers and strings will not cause
<a href="#readable_readsize"><code>readable._read()</code></a> to be called.</p>
<p>The <code>size</code> argument is advisory. For implementations where a "read" is a
single operation that returns data can use the <code>size</code> argument to determine how
much data to fetch. Other implementations may ignore this argument and simply
provide data whenever it becomes available. There is no need to "wait" until
<code>size</code> bytes are available before calling <a href="#readablepushchunk-encoding"><code>stream.push(chunk)</code></a>.</p>
<p>The <a href="#readable_readsize"><code>readable._read()</code></a> method is prefixed with an underscore because it is
internal to the class that defines it, and should never be called directly by
user programs.</p>
<h5><code>readable._destroy(err, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readable_destroyerr-callback" id="readable_destroyerr-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_destroy_err_callback"></a></h5>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v8.0.0</span>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>err</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Error" class="type"><Error></a> A possible error.</li>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> A callback function that takes an optional error
argument.</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>_destroy()</code> method is called by <a href="#readabledestroyerror"><code>readable.destroy()</code></a>.
It can be overridden by child classes but it <strong>must not</strong> be called directly.</p>
<h5><code>readable.push(chunk[, encoding])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablepushchunk-encoding" id="readablepushchunk-encoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_push_chunk_encoding"></a></h5>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v8.0.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>chunk</code> argument can now be a <code>Uint8Array</code> instance.</p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>chunk</code> <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint8Array" class="type"><Uint8Array></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Null_type" class="type"><null></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Data_types" class="type"><any></a> Chunk of data to push into the
read queue. For streams not operating in object mode, <code>chunk</code> must be a
string, <code>Buffer</code> or <code>Uint8Array</code>. For object mode streams, <code>chunk</code> may be
any JavaScript value.</li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> Encoding of string chunks. Must be a valid
<code>Buffer</code> encoding, such as <code>'utf8'</code> or <code>'ascii'</code>.</li>
<li>Returns: <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> <code>true</code> if additional chunks of data may continue to be
pushed; <code>false</code> otherwise.</li>
</ul>
<p>When <code>chunk</code> is a <code>Buffer</code>, <code>Uint8Array</code> or <code>string</code>, the <code>chunk</code> of data will
be added to the internal queue for users of the stream to consume.
Passing <code>chunk</code> as <code>null</code> signals the end of the stream (EOF), after which no
more data can be written.</p>
<p>When the <code>Readable</code> is operating in paused mode, the data added with
<code>readable.push()</code> can be read out by calling the
<a href="#readablereadsize"><code>readable.read()</code></a> method when the <a href="#event-readable"><code>'readable'</code></a> event is
emitted.</p>
<p>When the <code>Readable</code> is operating in flowing mode, the data added with
<code>readable.push()</code> will be delivered by emitting a <code>'data'</code> event.</p>
<p>The <code>readable.push()</code> method is designed to be as flexible as possible. For
example, when wrapping a lower-level source that provides some form of
pause/resume mechanism, and a data callback, the low-level source can be wrapped
by the custom <code>Readable</code> instance:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-comment">// `_source` is an object with readStop() and readStart() methods,</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// and an `ondata` member that gets called when it has data, and</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// an `onend` member that gets called when the data is over.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">SourceWrapper</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_ inherited__">Readable</span> {
<span class="hljs-title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="hljs-params">options</span>) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">super</span>(options);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">_source</span> = <span class="hljs-title function_">getLowLevelSourceObject</span>();
<span class="hljs-comment">// Every time there's data, push it into the internal buffer.</span>
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">_source</span>.<span class="hljs-property">ondata</span> = <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">chunk</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// If push() returns false, then stop reading from source.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (!<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">push</span>(chunk))
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">_source</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">readStop</span>();
};
<span class="hljs-comment">// When the source ends, push the EOF-signaling `null` chunk.</span>
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">_source</span>.<span class="hljs-property">onend</span> = <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">push</span>(<span class="hljs-literal">null</span>);
};
}
<span class="hljs-comment">// _read() will be called when the stream wants to pull more data in.</span>
<span class="hljs-comment">// The advisory size argument is ignored in this case.</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">_read</span>(<span class="hljs-params">size</span>) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">_source</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">readStart</span>();
}
}</code></pre>
<p>The <code>readable.push()</code> method is used to push the content
into the internal buffer. It can be driven by the <a href="#readable_readsize"><code>readable._read()</code></a> method.</p>
<p>For streams not operating in object mode, if the <code>chunk</code> parameter of
<code>readable.push()</code> is <code>undefined</code>, it will be treated as empty string or
buffer. See <a href="#readablepush"><code>readable.push('')</code></a> for more information.</p>
<h5>Errors while reading<span><a class="mark" href="#errors-while-reading" id="errors-while-reading">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_errors_while_reading"></a></h5>
<p>Errors occurring during processing of the <a href="#readable_readsize"><code>readable._read()</code></a> must be
propagated through the <a href="#readable_destroyerr-callback"><code>readable.destroy(err)</code></a> method.
Throwing an <code>Error</code> from within <a href="#readable_readsize"><code>readable._read()</code></a> or manually emitting an
<code>'error'</code> event results in undefined behavior.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> myReadable = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>({
<span class="hljs-title function_">read</span>(<span class="hljs-params">size</span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> err = <span class="hljs-title function_">checkSomeErrorCondition</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">destroy</span>(err);
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Do some work.</span>
}
}
});</code></pre>
<h5>An example counting stream<span><a class="mark" href="#an-example-counting-stream" id="an-example-counting-stream">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_an_example_counting_stream"></a></h5>
<p>The following is a basic example of a <code>Readable</code> stream that emits the numerals
from 1 to 1,000,000 in ascending order, and then ends.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Counter</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_ inherited__">Readable</span> {
<span class="hljs-title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="hljs-params">opt</span>) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">super</span>(opt);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">_max</span> = <span class="hljs-number">1000000</span>;
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">_index</span> = <span class="hljs-number">1</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-title function_">_read</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> i = <span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">_index</span>++;
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (i > <span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">_max</span>)
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">push</span>(<span class="hljs-literal">null</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> str = <span class="hljs-title class_">String</span>(i);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> buf = <span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(str, <span class="hljs-string">'ascii'</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">push</span>(buf);
}
}
}</code></pre>
<h4>Implementing a duplex stream<span><a class="mark" href="#implementing-a-duplex-stream" id="implementing-a-duplex-stream">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_implementing_a_duplex_stream"></a></h4>
<p>A <a href="#class-streamduplex"><code>Duplex</code></a> stream is one that implements both <a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a> and
<a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a>, such as a TCP socket connection.</p>
<p>Because JavaScript does not have support for multiple inheritance, the
<code>stream.Duplex</code> class is extended to implement a <a href="#class-streamduplex"><code>Duplex</code></a> stream (as opposed
to extending the <code>stream.Readable</code> <em>and</em> <code>stream.Writable</code> classes).</p>
<p>The <code>stream.Duplex</code> class prototypically inherits from <code>stream.Readable</code> and
parasitically from <code>stream.Writable</code>, but <code>instanceof</code> will work properly for
both base classes due to overriding <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Symbol/hasInstance"><code>Symbol.hasInstance</code></a> on
<code>stream.Writable</code>.</p>
<p>Custom <code>Duplex</code> streams <em>must</em> call the <code>new stream.Duplex([options])</code>
constructor and implement <em>both</em> the <a href="#readable_readsize"><code>readable._read()</code></a> and
<code>writable._write()</code> methods.</p>
<h5><code>new stream.Duplex(options)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#new-streamduplexoptions" id="new-streamduplexoptions">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_new_stream_duplex_options"></a></h5>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tbody><tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v8.4.0</td>
<td><p>The <code>readableHighWaterMark</code> and <code>writableHighWaterMark</code> options are supported now.</p></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</details>
</div>
<ul>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> Passed to both <code>Writable</code> and <code>Readable</code>
constructors. Also has the following fields:
<ul>
<li><code>allowHalfOpen</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> If set to <code>false</code>, then the stream will
automatically end the writable side when the readable side ends.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code>.</li>
<li><code>readable</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Sets whether the <code>Duplex</code> should be readable.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code>.</li>
<li><code>writable</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Sets whether the <code>Duplex</code> should be writable.
<strong>Default:</strong> <code>true</code>.</li>
<li><code>readableObjectMode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Sets <code>objectMode</code> for readable side of the
stream. Has no effect if <code>objectMode</code> is <code>true</code>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
<li><code>writableObjectMode</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Boolean_type" class="type"><boolean></a> Sets <code>objectMode</code> for writable side of the
stream. Has no effect if <code>objectMode</code> is <code>true</code>. <strong>Default:</strong> <code>false</code>.</li>
<li><code>readableHighWaterMark</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Sets <code>highWaterMark</code> for the readable side
of the stream. Has no effect if <code>highWaterMark</code> is provided.</li>
<li><code>writableHighWaterMark</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Number_type" class="type"><number></a> Sets <code>highWaterMark</code> for the writable side
of the stream. Has no effect if <code>highWaterMark</code> is provided.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<!-- eslint-disable no-useless-constructor -->
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Duplex</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">MyDuplex</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_ inherited__">Duplex</span> {
<span class="hljs-title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="hljs-params">options</span>) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">super</span>(options);
<span class="hljs-comment">// ...</span>
}
}</code></pre>
<p>Or, when using pre-ES6 style constructors:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Duplex</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> util = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'util'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">MyDuplex</span>(<span class="hljs-params">options</span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (!(<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">instanceof</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">MyDuplex</span>))
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">MyDuplex</span>(options);
<span class="hljs-title class_">Duplex</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">call</span>(<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>, options);
}
util.<span class="hljs-title function_">inherits</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">MyDuplex</span>, <span class="hljs-title class_">Duplex</span>);</code></pre>
<p>Or, using the simplified constructor approach:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Duplex</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> myDuplex = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Duplex</span>({
<span class="hljs-title function_">read</span>(<span class="hljs-params">size</span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// ...</span>
},
<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-params">chunk, encoding, callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// ...</span>
}
});</code></pre>
<p>When using pipeline:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Transform</span>, pipeline } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> fs = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">pipeline</span>(
fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createReadStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'object.json'</span>)
.<span class="hljs-title function_">setEncoding</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'utf8'</span>),
<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Transform</span>({
<span class="hljs-attr">decodeStrings</span>: <span class="hljs-literal">false</span>, <span class="hljs-comment">// Accept string input rather than Buffers</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">construct</span>(<span class="hljs-params">callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">data</span> = <span class="hljs-string">''</span>;
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>();
},
<span class="hljs-title function_">transform</span>(<span class="hljs-params">chunk, encoding, callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">data</span> += chunk;
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>();
},
<span class="hljs-title function_">flush</span>(<span class="hljs-params">callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">try</span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Make sure is valid json.</span>
<span class="hljs-title class_">JSON</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">parse</span>(<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">data</span>);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">push</span>(<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-property">data</span>);
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>();
} <span class="hljs-keyword">catch</span> (err) {
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>(err);
}
}
}),
fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createWriteStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'valid-object.json'</span>),
<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">error</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'failed'</span>, err);
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'completed'</span>);
}
}
);</code></pre>
<h5>An example duplex stream<span><a class="mark" href="#an-example-duplex-stream" id="an-example-duplex-stream">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_an_example_duplex_stream"></a></h5>
<p>The following illustrates a simple example of a <code>Duplex</code> stream that wraps a
hypothetical lower-level source object to which data can be written, and
from which data can be read, albeit using an API that is not compatible with
Node.js streams.
The following illustrates a simple example of a <code>Duplex</code> stream that buffers
incoming written data via the <a href="#class-streamwritable"><code>Writable</code></a> interface that is read back out
via the <a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a> interface.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Duplex</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> kSource = <span class="hljs-title class_">Symbol</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'source'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">MyDuplex</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_ inherited__">Duplex</span> {
<span class="hljs-title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="hljs-params">source, options</span>) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">super</span>(options);
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>[kSource] = source;
}
<span class="hljs-title function_">_write</span>(<span class="hljs-params">chunk, encoding, callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// The underlying source only deals with strings.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">isBuffer</span>(chunk))
chunk = chunk.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>();
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>[kSource].<span class="hljs-title function_">writeSomeData</span>(chunk);
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>();
}
<span class="hljs-title function_">_read</span>(<span class="hljs-params">size</span>) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>[kSource].<span class="hljs-title function_">fetchSomeData</span>(size, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">data, encoding</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">push</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">Buffer</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(data, encoding));
});
}
}</code></pre>
<p>The most important aspect of a <code>Duplex</code> stream is that the <code>Readable</code> and
<code>Writable</code> sides operate independently of one another despite co-existing within
a single object instance.</p>
<h5>Object mode duplex streams<span><a class="mark" href="#object-mode-duplex-streams" id="object-mode-duplex-streams">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_object_mode_duplex_streams"></a></h5>
<p>For <code>Duplex</code> streams, <code>objectMode</code> can be set exclusively for either the
<code>Readable</code> or <code>Writable</code> side using the <code>readableObjectMode</code> and
<code>writableObjectMode</code> options respectively.</p>
<p>In the following example, for instance, a new <code>Transform</code> stream (which is a
type of <a href="#class-streamduplex"><code>Duplex</code></a> stream) is created that has an object mode <code>Writable</code> side
that accepts JavaScript numbers that are converted to hexadecimal strings on
the <code>Readable</code> side.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Transform</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// All Transform streams are also Duplex Streams.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> myTransform = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Transform</span>({
<span class="hljs-attr">writableObjectMode</span>: <span class="hljs-literal">true</span>,
<span class="hljs-title function_">transform</span>(<span class="hljs-params">chunk, encoding, callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// Coerce the chunk to a number if necessary.</span>
chunk |= <span class="hljs-number">0</span>;
<span class="hljs-comment">// Transform the chunk into something else.</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> data = chunk.<span class="hljs-title function_">toString</span>(<span class="hljs-number">16</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Push the data onto the readable queue.</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>(<span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'0'</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">repeat</span>(data.<span class="hljs-property">length</span> % <span class="hljs-number">2</span>) + data);
}
});
myTransform.<span class="hljs-title function_">setEncoding</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'ascii'</span>);
myTransform.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'data'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">chunk</span>) =></span> <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(chunk));
myTransform.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: 01</span>
myTransform.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-number">10</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: 0a</span>
myTransform.<span class="hljs-title function_">write</span>(<span class="hljs-number">100</span>);
<span class="hljs-comment">// Prints: 64</span></code></pre>
<h4>Implementing a transform stream<span><a class="mark" href="#implementing-a-transform-stream" id="implementing-a-transform-stream">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_implementing_a_transform_stream"></a></h4>
<p>A <a href="#class-streamtransform"><code>Transform</code></a> stream is a <a href="#class-streamduplex"><code>Duplex</code></a> stream where the output is computed
in some way from the input. Examples include <a href="zlib.html">zlib</a> streams or <a href="crypto.html">crypto</a>
streams that compress, encrypt, or decrypt data.</p>
<p>There is no requirement that the output be the same size as the input, the same
number of chunks, or arrive at the same time. For example, a <code>Hash</code> stream will
only ever have a single chunk of output which is provided when the input is
ended. A <code>zlib</code> stream will produce output that is either much smaller or much
larger than its input.</p>
<p>The <code>stream.Transform</code> class is extended to implement a <a href="#class-streamtransform"><code>Transform</code></a> stream.</p>
<p>The <code>stream.Transform</code> class prototypically inherits from <code>stream.Duplex</code> and
implements its own versions of the <code>writable._write()</code> and
<a href="#readable_readsize"><code>readable._read()</code></a> methods. Custom <code>Transform</code> implementations <em>must</em>
implement the <a href="#transform_transformchunk-encoding-callback"><code>transform._transform()</code></a> method and <em>may</em>
also implement the <a href="#transform_flushcallback"><code>transform._flush()</code></a> method.</p>
<p>Care must be taken when using <code>Transform</code> streams in that data written to the
stream can cause the <code>Writable</code> side of the stream to become paused if the
output on the <code>Readable</code> side is not consumed.</p>
<h5><code>new stream.Transform([options])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#new-streamtransformoptions" id="new-streamtransformoptions">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_new_stream_transform_options"></a></h5>
<ul>
<li><code>options</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object" class="type"><Object></a> Passed to both <code>Writable</code> and <code>Readable</code>
constructors. Also has the following fields:
<ul>
<li><code>transform</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> Implementation for the
<a href="#transform_transformchunk-encoding-callback"><code>stream._transform()</code></a> method.</li>
<li><code>flush</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> Implementation for the <a href="#transform_flushcallback"><code>stream._flush()</code></a>
method.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<!-- eslint-disable no-useless-constructor -->
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Transform</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">class</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">MyTransform</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title class_ inherited__">Transform</span> {
<span class="hljs-title function_">constructor</span>(<span class="hljs-params">options</span>) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">super</span>(options);
<span class="hljs-comment">// ...</span>
}
}</code></pre>
<p>Or, when using pre-ES6 style constructors:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Transform</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> util = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'util'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">MyTransform</span>(<span class="hljs-params">options</span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (!(<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">instanceof</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">MyTransform</span>))
<span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">MyTransform</span>(options);
<span class="hljs-title class_">Transform</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">call</span>(<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>, options);
}
util.<span class="hljs-title function_">inherits</span>(<span class="hljs-title class_">MyTransform</span>, <span class="hljs-title class_">Transform</span>);</code></pre>
<p>Or, using the simplified constructor approach:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Transform</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> myTransform = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">Transform</span>({
<span class="hljs-title function_">transform</span>(<span class="hljs-params">chunk, encoding, callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-comment">// ...</span>
}
});</code></pre>
<h5>Event: <code>'end'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#event-end_1" id="event-end_1">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_event_end_1"></a></h5>
<p>The <a href="#event-end"><code>'end'</code></a> event is from the <code>stream.Readable</code> class. The <code>'end'</code> event is
emitted after all data has been output, which occurs after the callback in
<a href="#transform_flushcallback"><code>transform._flush()</code></a> has been called. In the case of an error,
<code>'end'</code> should not be emitted.</p>
<h5>Event: <code>'finish'</code><span><a class="mark" href="#event-finish_1" id="event-finish_1">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_event_finish_1"></a></h5>
<p>The <a href="#event-finish"><code>'finish'</code></a> event is from the <code>stream.Writable</code> class. The <code>'finish'</code>
event is emitted after <a href="#writableendchunk-encoding-callback"><code>stream.end()</code></a> is called and all chunks
have been processed by <a href="#transform_transformchunk-encoding-callback"><code>stream._transform()</code></a>. In the case
of an error, <code>'finish'</code> should not be emitted.</p>
<h5><code>transform._flush(callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#transform_flushcallback" id="transform_flushcallback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_transform_flush_callback"></a></h5>
<ul>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> A callback function (optionally with an error
argument and data) to be called when remaining data has been flushed.</li>
</ul>
<p>This function MUST NOT be called by application code directly. It should be
implemented by child classes, and called by the internal <code>Readable</code> class
methods only.</p>
<p>In some cases, a transform operation may need to emit an additional bit of
data at the end of the stream. For example, a <code>zlib</code> compression stream will
store an amount of internal state used to optimally compress the output. When
the stream ends, however, that additional data needs to be flushed so that the
compressed data will be complete.</p>
<p>Custom <a href="#class-streamtransform"><code>Transform</code></a> implementations <em>may</em> implement the <code>transform._flush()</code>
method. This will be called when there is no more written data to be consumed,
but before the <a href="#event-end"><code>'end'</code></a> event is emitted signaling the end of the
<a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a> stream.</p>
<p>Within the <code>transform._flush()</code> implementation, the <code>transform.push()</code> method
may be called zero or more times, as appropriate. The <code>callback</code> function must
be called when the flush operation is complete.</p>
<p>The <code>transform._flush()</code> method is prefixed with an underscore because it is
internal to the class that defines it, and should never be called directly by
user programs.</p>
<h5><code>transform._transform(chunk, encoding, callback)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#transform_transformchunk-encoding-callback" id="transform_transformchunk-encoding-callback">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_transform_transform_chunk_encoding_callback"></a></h5>
<ul>
<li><code>chunk</code> <a href="buffer.html#class-buffer" class="type"><Buffer></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> | <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#Data_types" class="type"><any></a> The <code>Buffer</code> to be transformed, converted from
the <code>string</code> passed to <a href="#writablewritechunk-encoding-callback"><code>stream.write()</code></a>. If the stream's
<code>decodeStrings</code> option is <code>false</code> or the stream is operating in object mode,
the chunk will not be converted & will be whatever was passed to
<a href="#writablewritechunk-encoding-callback"><code>stream.write()</code></a>.</li>
<li><code>encoding</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Data_structures#String_type" class="type"><string></a> If the chunk is a string, then this is the
encoding type. If chunk is a buffer, then this is the special
value <code>'buffer'</code>. Ignore it in that case.</li>
<li><code>callback</code> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Function" class="type"><Function></a> A callback function (optionally with an error
argument and data) to be called after the supplied <code>chunk</code> has been
processed.</li>
</ul>
<p>This function MUST NOT be called by application code directly. It should be
implemented by child classes, and called by the internal <code>Readable</code> class
methods only.</p>
<p>All <code>Transform</code> stream implementations must provide a <code>_transform()</code>
method to accept input and produce output. The <code>transform._transform()</code>
implementation handles the bytes being written, computes an output, then passes
that output off to the readable portion using the <code>transform.push()</code> method.</p>
<p>The <code>transform.push()</code> method may be called zero or more times to generate
output from a single input chunk, depending on how much is to be output
as a result of the chunk.</p>
<p>It is possible that no output is generated from any given chunk of input data.</p>
<p>The <code>callback</code> function must be called only when the current chunk is completely
consumed. The first argument passed to the <code>callback</code> must be an <code>Error</code> object
if an error occurred while processing the input or <code>null</code> otherwise. If a second
argument is passed to the <code>callback</code>, it will be forwarded on to the
<code>transform.push()</code> method. In other words, the following are equivalent:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">transform.<span class="hljs-property"><span class="hljs-keyword">prototype</span></span>.<span class="hljs-property">_transform</span> = <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>(<span class="hljs-params">data, encoding, callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">this</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">push</span>(data);
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>();
};
transform.<span class="hljs-property"><span class="hljs-keyword">prototype</span></span>.<span class="hljs-property">_transform</span> = <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>(<span class="hljs-params">data, encoding, callback</span>) {
<span class="hljs-title function_">callback</span>(<span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, data);
};</code></pre>
<p>The <code>transform._transform()</code> method is prefixed with an underscore because it
is internal to the class that defines it, and should never be called directly by
user programs.</p>
<p><code>transform._transform()</code> is never called in parallel; streams implement a
queue mechanism, and to receive the next chunk, <code>callback</code> must be
called, either synchronously or asynchronously.</p>
<h5>Class: <code>stream.PassThrough</code><span><a class="mark" href="#class-streampassthrough" id="class-streampassthrough">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_class_stream_passthrough"></a></h5>
<p>The <code>stream.PassThrough</code> class is a trivial implementation of a <a href="#class-streamtransform"><code>Transform</code></a>
stream that simply passes the input bytes across to the output. Its purpose is
primarily for examples and testing, but there are some use cases where
<code>stream.PassThrough</code> is useful as a building block for novel sorts of streams.</p>
</section><section><h3>Additional notes<span><a class="mark" href="#additional-notes" id="additional-notes">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_additional_notes"></a></h3>
<h4>Streams compatibility with async generators and async iterators<span><a class="mark" href="#streams-compatibility-with-async-generators-and-async-iterators" id="streams-compatibility-with-async-generators-and-async-iterators">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_streams_compatibility_with_async_generators_and_async_iterators"></a></h4>
<p>With the support of async generators and iterators in JavaScript, async
generators are effectively a first-class language-level stream construct at
this point.</p>
<p>Some common interop cases of using Node.js streams with async generators
and async iterators are provided below.</p>
<h5>Consuming readable streams with async iterators<span><a class="mark" href="#consuming-readable-streams-with-async-iterators" id="consuming-readable-streams-with-async-iterators">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_consuming_readable_streams_with_async_iterators"></a></h5>
<pre><code class="language-js">(<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> chunk <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> readable) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(chunk);
}
})();</code></pre>
<p>Async iterators register a permanent error handler on the stream to prevent any
unhandled post-destroy errors.</p>
<h5>Creating readable streams with async generators<span><a class="mark" href="#creating-readable-streams-with-async-generators" id="creating-readable-streams-with-async-generators">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_creating_readable_streams_with_async_generators"></a></h5>
<p>A Node.js readable stream can be created from an asynchronous generator using
the <code>Readable.from()</code> utility method:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span> } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> ac = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AbortController</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> signal = ac.<span class="hljs-property">signal</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">async</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> * <span class="hljs-title function_">generate</span>(<span class="hljs-params"></span>) {
<span class="hljs-keyword">yield</span> <span class="hljs-string">'a'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">await</span> <span class="hljs-title function_">someLongRunningFn</span>({ signal });
<span class="hljs-keyword">yield</span> <span class="hljs-string">'b'</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">yield</span> <span class="hljs-string">'c'</span>;
}
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> readable = <span class="hljs-title class_">Readable</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">from</span>(<span class="hljs-title function_">generate</span>());
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'close'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
ac.<span class="hljs-title function_">abort</span>();
});
readable.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'data'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">chunk</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(chunk);
});</code></pre>
<h5>Piping to writable streams from async iterators<span><a class="mark" href="#piping-to-writable-streams-from-async-iterators" id="piping-to-writable-streams-from-async-iterators">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_piping_to_writable_streams_from_async_iterators"></a></h5>
<p>When writing to a writable stream from an async iterator, ensure correct
handling of backpressure and errors. <a href="#streampipelinesource-transforms-destination-callback"><code>stream.pipeline()</code></a> abstracts away
the handling of backpressure and backpressure-related errors:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> fs = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'fs'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { pipeline } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> { <span class="hljs-attr">pipeline</span>: pipelinePromise } = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'stream/promises'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> writable = fs.<span class="hljs-title function_">createWriteStream</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'./file'</span>);
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> ac = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> <span class="hljs-title class_">AbortController</span>();
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> signal = ac.<span class="hljs-property">signal</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword">const</span> iterator = <span class="hljs-title function_">createIterator</span>({ signal });
<span class="hljs-comment">// Callback Pattern</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">pipeline</span>(iterator, writable, <span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err, value</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> (err) {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">error</span>(err);
} <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(value, <span class="hljs-string">'value returned'</span>);
}
}).<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'close'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
ac.<span class="hljs-title function_">abort</span>();
});
<span class="hljs-comment">// Promise Pattern</span>
<span class="hljs-title function_">pipelinePromise</span>(iterator, writable)
.<span class="hljs-title function_">then</span>(<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">value</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(value, <span class="hljs-string">'value returned'</span>);
})
.<span class="hljs-title function_">catch</span>(<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">err</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">error</span>(err);
ac.<span class="hljs-title function_">abort</span>();
});</code></pre>
<h4>Compatibility with older Node.js versions<span><a class="mark" href="#compatibility-with-older-nodejs-versions" id="compatibility-with-older-nodejs-versions">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_compatibility_with_older_node_js_versions"></a></h4>
<p>Prior to Node.js 0.10, the <code>Readable</code> stream interface was simpler, but also
less powerful and less useful.</p>
<ul>
<li>Rather than waiting for calls to the <a href="#readablereadsize"><code>stream.read()</code></a> method,
<a href="#event-data"><code>'data'</code></a> events would begin emitting immediately. Applications that
would need to perform some amount of work to decide how to handle data
were required to store read data into buffers so the data would not be lost.</li>
<li>The <a href="#readablepause"><code>stream.pause()</code></a> method was advisory, rather than
guaranteed. This meant that it was still necessary to be prepared to receive
<a href="#event-data"><code>'data'</code></a> events <em>even when the stream was in a paused state</em>.</li>
</ul>
<p>In Node.js 0.10, the <a href="#class-streamreadable"><code>Readable</code></a> class was added. For backward
compatibility with older Node.js programs, <code>Readable</code> streams switch into
"flowing mode" when a <a href="#event-data"><code>'data'</code></a> event handler is added, or when the
<a href="#readableresume"><code>stream.resume()</code></a> method is called. The effect is that, even
when not using the new <a href="#readablereadsize"><code>stream.read()</code></a> method and
<a href="#event-readable"><code>'readable'</code></a> event, it is no longer necessary to worry about losing
<a href="#event-data"><code>'data'</code></a> chunks.</p>
<p>While most applications will continue to function normally, this introduces an
edge case in the following conditions:</p>
<ul>
<li>No <a href="#event-data"><code>'data'</code></a> event listener is added.</li>
<li>The <a href="#readableresume"><code>stream.resume()</code></a> method is never called.</li>
<li>The stream is not piped to any writable destination.</li>
</ul>
<p>For example, consider the following code:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-comment">// WARNING! BROKEN!</span>
net.<span class="hljs-title function_">createServer</span>(<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">socket</span>) =></span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// We add an 'end' listener, but never consume the data.</span>
socket.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'end'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
<span class="hljs-comment">// It will never get here.</span>
socket.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'The message was received but was not processed.\n'</span>);
});
}).<span class="hljs-title function_">listen</span>(<span class="hljs-number">1337</span>);</code></pre>
<p>Prior to Node.js 0.10, the incoming message data would be simply discarded.
However, in Node.js 0.10 and beyond, the socket remains paused forever.</p>
<p>The workaround in this situation is to call the
<a href="#readableresume"><code>stream.resume()</code></a> method to begin the flow of data:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js"><span class="hljs-comment">// Workaround.</span>
net.<span class="hljs-title function_">createServer</span>(<span class="hljs-function">(<span class="hljs-params">socket</span>) =></span> {
socket.<span class="hljs-title function_">on</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'end'</span>, <span class="hljs-function">() =></span> {
socket.<span class="hljs-title function_">end</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'The message was received but was not processed.\n'</span>);
});
<span class="hljs-comment">// Start the flow of data, discarding it.</span>
socket.<span class="hljs-title function_">resume</span>();
}).<span class="hljs-title function_">listen</span>(<span class="hljs-number">1337</span>);</code></pre>
<p>In addition to new <code>Readable</code> streams switching into flowing mode,
pre-0.10 style streams can be wrapped in a <code>Readable</code> class using the
<a href="#readablewrapstream"><code>readable.wrap()</code></a> method.</p>
<h4><code>readable.read(0)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readableread0" id="readableread0">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_read_0"></a></h4>
<p>There are some cases where it is necessary to trigger a refresh of the
underlying readable stream mechanisms, without actually consuming any
data. In such cases, it is possible to call <code>readable.read(0)</code>, which will
always return <code>null</code>.</p>
<p>If the internal read buffer is below the <code>highWaterMark</code>, and the
stream is not currently reading, then calling <code>stream.read(0)</code> will trigger
a low-level <a href="#readable_readsize"><code>stream._read()</code></a> call.</p>
<p>While most applications will almost never need to do this, there are
situations within Node.js where this is done, particularly in the
<code>Readable</code> stream class internals.</p>
<h4><code>readable.push('')</code><span><a class="mark" href="#readablepush" id="readablepush">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_readable_push"></a></h4>
<p>Use of <code>readable.push('')</code> is not recommended.</p>
<p>Pushing a zero-byte string, <code>Buffer</code> or <code>Uint8Array</code> to a stream that is not in
object mode has an interesting side effect. Because it <em>is</em> a call to
<a href="#readablepushchunk-encoding"><code>readable.push()</code></a>, the call will end the reading process.
However, because the argument is an empty string, no data is added to the
readable buffer so there is nothing for a user to consume.</p>
<h4><code>highWaterMark</code> discrepancy after calling <code>readable.setEncoding()</code><span><a class="mark" href="#highwatermark-discrepancy-after-calling-readablesetencoding" id="highwatermark-discrepancy-after-calling-readablesetencoding">#</a></span><a aria-hidden="true" class="legacy" id="stream_highwatermark_discrepancy_after_calling_readable_setencoding"></a></h4>
<p>The use of <code>readable.setEncoding()</code> will change the behavior of how the
<code>highWaterMark</code> operates in non-object mode.</p>
<p>Typically, the size of the current buffer is measured against the
<code>highWaterMark</code> in <em>bytes</em>. However, after <code>setEncoding()</code> is called, the
comparison function will begin to measure the buffer's size in <em>characters</em>.</p>
<p>This is not a problem in common cases with <code>latin1</code> or <code>ascii</code>. But it is
advised to be mindful about this behavior when working with strings that could
contain multi-byte characters.</p></section>
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