Current File : //usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/twisted/internet/defer.py
# -*- test-case-name: twisted.test.test_defer -*-
# Copyright (c) Twisted Matrix Laboratories.
# See LICENSE for details.
"""
Support for results that aren't immediately available.
Maintainer: Glyph Lefkowitz
"""
import traceback
import warnings
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from asyncio import AbstractEventLoop, Future, iscoroutine
from enum import Enum
from functools import wraps
from sys import exc_info, version_info
from types import GeneratorType, MappingProxyType
from typing import (
TYPE_CHECKING,
Any,
Awaitable,
Callable,
Coroutine,
Generator,
Generic,
Iterable,
List,
Literal,
Mapping,
NoReturn,
Optional,
Tuple,
Type,
TypeVar,
Union,
cast,
overload,
)
import attr
from incremental import Version
from twisted.internet.interfaces import IDelayedCall, IReactorTime
from twisted.logger import Logger
from twisted.python import lockfile
from twisted.python.compat import _PYPY, cmp, comparable
from twisted.python.deprecate import deprecated, warnAboutFunction
from twisted.python.failure import Failure, _extraneous
try:
from contextvars import copy_context as __copy_context
_contextvarsSupport = True
except ImportError:
_contextvarsSupport = False
class _NoContext:
@staticmethod
def run(f: Callable[..., object], *args: object, **kwargs: object) -> object:
return f(*args, **kwargs)
def _copy_context() -> Type[_NoContext]:
return _NoContext
else:
_copy_context = __copy_context # type: ignore[assignment]
log = Logger()
_T = TypeVar("_T")
class AlreadyCalledError(Exception):
"""
This error is raised when one of L{Deferred.callback} or L{Deferred.errback}
is called after one of the two had already been called.
"""
class CancelledError(Exception):
"""
This error is raised by default when a L{Deferred} is cancelled.
"""
class TimeoutError(Exception):
"""
This error is raised by default when a L{Deferred} times out.
"""
class NotACoroutineError(TypeError):
"""
This error is raised when a coroutine is expected and something else is
encountered.
"""
def logError(err: Failure) -> Failure:
"""
Log and return failure.
This method can be used as an errback that passes the failure on to the
next errback unmodified. Note that if this is the last errback, and the
deferred gets garbage collected after being this errback has been called,
the clean up code logs it again.
"""
log.failure("", err)
return err
def succeed(result: _T) -> "Deferred[_T]":
"""
Return a L{Deferred} that has already had C{.callback(result)} called.
This is useful when you're writing synchronous code to an
asynchronous interface: i.e., some code is calling you expecting a
L{Deferred} result, but you don't actually need to do anything
asynchronous. Just return C{defer.succeed(theResult)}.
See L{fail} for a version of this function that uses a failing
L{Deferred} rather than a successful one.
@param result: The result to give to the Deferred's 'callback'
method.
"""
d: Deferred[_T] = Deferred()
d.callback(result)
return d
def fail(result: Optional[Union[Failure, BaseException]] = None) -> "Deferred[Any]":
"""
Return a L{Deferred} that has already had C{.errback(result)} called.
See L{succeed}'s docstring for rationale.
@param result: The same argument that L{Deferred.errback} takes.
@raise NoCurrentExceptionError: If C{result} is L{None} but there is no
current exception state.
"""
d: Deferred[Any] = Deferred()
d.errback(result)
return d
def execute(
callable: Callable[..., _T], *args: object, **kwargs: object
) -> "Deferred[_T]":
"""
Create a L{Deferred} from a callable and arguments.
Call the given function with the given arguments. Return a L{Deferred}
which has been fired with its callback as the result of that invocation
or its C{errback} with a L{Failure} for the exception thrown.
"""
try:
result = callable(*args, **kwargs)
except BaseException:
return fail()
else:
return succeed(result)
def maybeDeferred(
f: Callable[..., _T], *args: object, **kwargs: object
) -> "Deferred[_T]":
"""
Invoke a function that may or may not return a L{Deferred}.
Call the given function with the given arguments. If the returned
object is a L{Deferred}, return it. If the returned object is a L{Failure},
wrap it with L{fail} and return it. Otherwise, wrap it in L{succeed} and
return it. If an exception is raised, convert it to a L{Failure}, wrap it
in L{fail}, and then return it.
@param f: The callable to invoke
@param args: The arguments to pass to C{f}
@param kwargs: The keyword arguments to pass to C{f}
@return: The result of the function call, wrapped in a L{Deferred} if
necessary.
"""
try:
result = f(*args, **kwargs)
except BaseException:
return fail(Failure(captureVars=Deferred.debug))
if isinstance(result, Deferred):
return result
elif isinstance(result, Failure):
return fail(result)
else:
return succeed(result)
@deprecated(
Version("Twisted", 17, 1, 0),
replacement="twisted.internet.defer.Deferred.addTimeout",
)
def timeout(deferred: "Deferred[object]") -> None:
deferred.errback(Failure(TimeoutError("Callback timed out")))
def passthru(arg: _T) -> _T:
return arg
def _failthru(arg: Failure) -> Failure:
return arg
def setDebugging(on: bool) -> None:
"""
Enable or disable L{Deferred} debugging.
When debugging is on, the call stacks from creation and invocation are
recorded, and added to any L{AlreadyCalledError}s we raise.
"""
Deferred.debug = bool(on)
def getDebugging() -> bool:
"""
Determine whether L{Deferred} debugging is enabled.
"""
return Deferred.debug
def _cancelledToTimedOutError(value: _T, timeout: float) -> _T:
"""
A default translation function that translates L{Failure}s that are
L{CancelledError}s to L{TimeoutError}s.
@param value: Anything
@param timeout: The timeout
@raise TimeoutError: If C{value} is a L{Failure} that is a L{CancelledError}.
@raise Exception: If C{value} is a L{Failure} that is not a L{CancelledError},
it is re-raised.
@since: 16.5
"""
if isinstance(value, Failure):
value.trap(CancelledError)
raise TimeoutError(timeout, "Deferred")
return value
class _Sentinel(Enum):
"""
@cvar _NO_RESULT:
The result used to represent the fact that there is no result.
B{Never ever ever use this as an actual result for a Deferred}.
You have been warned.
@cvar _CONTINUE:
A marker left in L{Deferred.callback}s to indicate a Deferred chain.
Always accompanied by a Deferred instance in the args tuple pointing at
the Deferred which is chained to the Deferred which has this marker.
"""
_NO_RESULT = object()
_CONTINUE = object()
# Cache these values for use without the extra lookup in deferred hot code paths
_NO_RESULT = _Sentinel._NO_RESULT
_CONTINUE = _Sentinel._CONTINUE
# type note: this should be Callable[[object, ...], object] but mypy doesn't allow.
# Callable[[object], object] is next best, but disallows valid callback signatures
DeferredCallback = Callable[..., object]
# type note: this should be Callable[[Failure, ...], object] but mypy doesn't allow.
# Callable[[Failure], object] is next best, but disallows valid callback signatures
DeferredErrback = Callable[..., object]
_CallbackOrderedArguments = Tuple[object, ...]
_CallbackKeywordArguments = Mapping[str, object]
_CallbackChain = Tuple[
Tuple[
Union[DeferredCallback, Literal[_Sentinel._CONTINUE]],
_CallbackOrderedArguments,
_CallbackKeywordArguments,
],
Tuple[
Union[DeferredErrback, DeferredCallback, Literal[_Sentinel._CONTINUE]],
_CallbackOrderedArguments,
_CallbackKeywordArguments,
],
]
_NONE_KWARGS: _CallbackKeywordArguments = MappingProxyType({})
_DeferredResultT = TypeVar("_DeferredResultT", contravariant=True)
_NextDeferredResultT = TypeVar("_NextDeferredResultT", covariant=True)
class DebugInfo:
"""
Deferred debug helper.
"""
failResult: Optional[Failure] = None
creator: Optional[List[str]] = None
invoker: Optional[List[str]] = None
def _getDebugTracebacks(self) -> str:
info = ""
if self.creator is not None:
info += " C: Deferred was created:\n C:"
info += "".join(self.creator).rstrip().replace("\n", "\n C:")
info += "\n"
if self.invoker is not None:
info += " I: First Invoker was:\n I:"
info += "".join(self.invoker).rstrip().replace("\n", "\n I:")
info += "\n"
return info
def __del__(self) -> None:
"""
Print tracebacks and die.
If the *last* (and I do mean *last*) callback leaves me in an error
state, print a traceback (if said errback is a L{Failure}).
"""
if self.failResult is not None:
# Note: this is two separate messages for compatibility with
# earlier tests; arguably it should be a single error message.
log.critical("Unhandled error in Deferred:", isError=True)
debugInfo = self._getDebugTracebacks()
if debugInfo:
format = "(debug: {debugInfo})"
else:
format = ""
log.failure(format, self.failResult, debugInfo=debugInfo)
class Deferred(Awaitable[_DeferredResultT]):
"""
This is a callback which will be put off until later.
Why do we want this? Well, in cases where a function in a threaded
program would block until it gets a result, for Twisted it should
not block. Instead, it should return a L{Deferred}.
This can be implemented for protocols that run over the network by
writing an asynchronous protocol for L{twisted.internet}. For methods
that come from outside packages that are not under our control, we use
threads (see for example L{twisted.enterprise.adbapi}).
For more information about Deferreds, see doc/core/howto/defer.html or
U{http://twistedmatrix.com/documents/current/core/howto/defer.html}
When creating a Deferred, you may provide a canceller function, which
will be called by d.cancel() to let you do any clean-up necessary if the
user decides not to wait for the deferred to complete.
@ivar called: A flag which is C{False} until either C{callback} or
C{errback} is called and afterwards always C{True}.
@ivar paused: A counter of how many unmatched C{pause} calls have been made
on this instance.
@ivar _suppressAlreadyCalled: A flag used by the cancellation mechanism
which is C{True} if the Deferred has no canceller and has been
cancelled, C{False} otherwise. If C{True}, it can be expected that
C{callback} or C{errback} will eventually be called and the result
should be silently discarded.
@ivar _runningCallbacks: A flag which is C{True} while this instance is
executing its callback chain, used to stop recursive execution of
L{_runCallbacks}
@ivar _chainedTo: If this L{Deferred} is waiting for the result of another
L{Deferred}, this is a reference to the other Deferred. Otherwise,
L{None}.
"""
called = False
paused = 0
_debugInfo: Optional[DebugInfo] = None
_suppressAlreadyCalled = False
# Are we currently running a user-installed callback? Meant to prevent
# recursive running of callbacks when a reentrant call to add a callback is
# used.
_runningCallbacks = False
# Keep this class attribute for now, for compatibility with code that
# sets it directly.
debug = False
_chainedTo: "Optional[Deferred[Any]]" = None
def __init__(
self, canceller: Optional[Callable[["Deferred[Any]"], None]] = None
) -> None:
"""
Initialize a L{Deferred}.
@param canceller: a callable used to stop the pending operation
scheduled by this L{Deferred} when L{Deferred.cancel} is invoked.
The canceller will be passed the deferred whose cancellation is
requested (i.e., C{self}).
If a canceller is not given, or does not invoke its argument's
C{callback} or C{errback} method, L{Deferred.cancel} will
invoke L{Deferred.errback} with a L{CancelledError}.
Note that if a canceller is not given, C{callback} or
C{errback} may still be invoked exactly once, even though
defer.py will have already invoked C{errback}, as described
above. This allows clients of code which returns a L{Deferred}
to cancel it without requiring the L{Deferred} instantiator to
provide any specific implementation support for cancellation.
New in 10.1.
@type canceller: a 1-argument callable which takes a L{Deferred}. The
return result is ignored.
"""
self.callbacks: List[_CallbackChain] = []
self._canceller = canceller
if self.debug:
self._debugInfo = DebugInfo()
self._debugInfo.creator = traceback.format_stack()[:-1]
def addCallbacks(
self,
callback: Callable[
...,
"Union[_NextDeferredResultT, Deferred[_NextDeferredResultT]]",
],
errback: Callable[
...,
"Union[Failure, _NextDeferredResultT, Deferred[_NextDeferredResultT]]",
] = _failthru,
callbackArgs: _CallbackOrderedArguments = (),
callbackKeywords: _CallbackKeywordArguments = _NONE_KWARGS,
errbackArgs: _CallbackOrderedArguments = (),
errbackKeywords: _CallbackKeywordArguments = _NONE_KWARGS,
) -> "Deferred[_NextDeferredResultT]":
"""
Add a pair of callbacks (success and error) to this L{Deferred}.
These will be executed when the 'master' callback is run.
@return: C{self}.
"""
# Default value used to be None and callers may be using None
if errback is None:
errback = _failthru # type: ignore[unreachable]
if callbackArgs is None:
callbackArgs = () # type: ignore[unreachable]
if callbackKeywords is None:
callbackKeywords = {} # type: ignore[unreachable]
if errbackArgs is None:
errbackArgs = () # type: ignore[unreachable]
if errbackKeywords is None:
errbackKeywords = {} # type: ignore[unreachable]
assert callable(callback)
assert callable(errback)
self.callbacks.append(
(
(callback, callbackArgs, callbackKeywords),
(errback, errbackArgs, errbackKeywords),
)
)
if self.called:
self._runCallbacks()
# type note: The Deferred's type has changed here, but *idiomatically*
# the caller should treat the result as the new type, consistently.
return cast(Deferred[_NextDeferredResultT], self)
def addCallback(
self,
callback: Callable[
...,
"Union[_NextDeferredResultT, Deferred[_NextDeferredResultT]]",
],
*args: object,
**kwargs: object,
) -> "Deferred[_NextDeferredResultT]":
"""
Convenience method for adding just a callback.
See L{addCallbacks}.
"""
return self.addCallbacks(callback, callbackArgs=args, callbackKeywords=kwargs)
def addErrback(
self,
errback: Callable[
...,
"Union[Failure, _NextDeferredResultT, Deferred[_NextDeferredResultT]]",
],
*args: object,
**kwargs: object,
) -> "Deferred[Union[_DeferredResultT, _NextDeferredResultT]]":
"""
Convenience method for adding just an errback.
See L{addCallbacks}.
"""
# type note: passthru constrains the type of errback in a way which mypy
# can't propagate through to _NextDeferredResultT, so we have to
# ignore a type error.
return self.addCallbacks(
passthru,
errback, # type: ignore[arg-type]
errbackArgs=args,
errbackKeywords=kwargs,
)
def addBoth(
self,
callback: Callable[
...,
"Union[_NextDeferredResultT, Deferred[_NextDeferredResultT]]",
],
*args: object,
**kwargs: object,
) -> "Deferred[_NextDeferredResultT]":
"""
Convenience method for adding a single callable as both a callback
and an errback.
See L{addCallbacks}.
"""
return self.addCallbacks(
callback,
callback,
callbackArgs=args,
errbackArgs=args,
callbackKeywords=kwargs,
errbackKeywords=kwargs,
)
def addTimeout(
self,
timeout: float,
clock: IReactorTime,
onTimeoutCancel: Optional[Callable[[object, float], object]] = None,
) -> "Deferred[_DeferredResultT]":
"""
Time out this L{Deferred} by scheduling it to be cancelled after
C{timeout} seconds.
The timeout encompasses all the callbacks and errbacks added to this
L{defer.Deferred} before the call to L{addTimeout}, and none added
after the call.
If this L{Deferred} gets timed out, it errbacks with a L{TimeoutError},
unless a cancelable function was passed to its initialization or unless
a different C{onTimeoutCancel} callable is provided.
@param timeout: number of seconds to wait before timing out this
L{Deferred}
@param clock: The object which will be used to schedule the timeout.
@param onTimeoutCancel: A callable which is called immediately after
this L{Deferred} times out, and not if this L{Deferred} is
otherwise cancelled before the timeout. It takes an arbitrary
value, which is the value of this L{Deferred} at that exact point
in time (probably a L{CancelledError} L{Failure}), and the
C{timeout}. The default callable (if C{None} is provided) will
translate a L{CancelledError} L{Failure} into a L{TimeoutError}.
@return: C{self}.
@since: 16.5
"""
timedOut = [False]
def timeItOut() -> None:
timedOut[0] = True
self.cancel()
delayedCall = clock.callLater(timeout, timeItOut)
def convertCancelled(value: object) -> object:
# if C{deferred} was timed out, call the translation function,
# if provided, otherwise just use L{cancelledToTimedOutError}
if timedOut[0]:
toCall = onTimeoutCancel or _cancelledToTimedOutError
return toCall(value, timeout)
return value
self.addBoth(convertCancelled)
def cancelTimeout(
result: Union[_DeferredResultT, Failure]
) -> Union[_DeferredResultT, Failure]:
# stop the pending call to cancel the deferred if it's been fired
if delayedCall.active():
delayedCall.cancel()
return result
self.addBoth(cancelTimeout)
return self
def chainDeferred(self, d: "Deferred[_DeferredResultT]") -> "Deferred[None]":
"""
Chain another L{Deferred} to this L{Deferred}.
This method adds callbacks to this L{Deferred} to call C{d}'s callback
or errback, as appropriate. It is merely a shorthand way of performing
the following::
d1.addCallbacks(d2.callback, d2.errback)
When you chain a deferred C{d2} to another deferred C{d1} with
C{d1.chainDeferred(d2)}, you are making C{d2} participate in the
callback chain of C{d1}.
Thus any event that fires C{d1} will also fire C{d2}.
However, the converse is B{not} true; if C{d2} is fired, C{d1} will not
be affected.
Note that unlike the case where chaining is caused by a L{Deferred}
being returned from a callback, it is possible to cause the call
stack size limit to be exceeded by chaining many L{Deferred}s
together with C{chainDeferred}.
@return: C{self}.
"""
d._chainedTo = self
return self.addCallbacks(d.callback, d.errback)
def callback(self, result: Union[_DeferredResultT, Failure]) -> None:
"""
Run all success callbacks that have been added to this L{Deferred}.
Each callback will have its result passed as the first argument to
the next; this way, the callbacks act as a 'processing chain'. If
the success-callback returns a L{Failure} or raises an L{Exception},
processing will continue on the *error* callback chain. If a
callback (or errback) returns another L{Deferred}, this L{Deferred}
will be chained to it (and further callbacks will not run until that
L{Deferred} has a result).
An instance of L{Deferred} may only have either L{callback} or
L{errback} called on it, and only once.
@param result: The object which will be passed to the first callback
added to this L{Deferred} (via L{addCallback}), unless C{result} is
a L{Failure}, in which case the behavior is the same as calling
C{errback(result)}.
@raise AlreadyCalledError: If L{callback} or L{errback} has already been
called on this L{Deferred}.
"""
assert not isinstance(result, Deferred)
self._startRunCallbacks(result)
def errback(self, fail: Optional[Union[Failure, BaseException]] = None) -> None:
"""
Run all error callbacks that have been added to this L{Deferred}.
Each callback will have its result passed as the first
argument to the next; this way, the callbacks act as a
'processing chain'. Also, if the error-callback returns a non-Failure
or doesn't raise an L{Exception}, processing will continue on the
*success*-callback chain.
If the argument that's passed to me is not a L{Failure} instance,
it will be embedded in one. If no argument is passed, a
L{Failure} instance will be created based on the current
traceback stack.
Passing a string as `fail' is deprecated, and will be punished with
a warning message.
An instance of L{Deferred} may only have either L{callback} or
L{errback} called on it, and only once.
@param fail: The L{Failure} object which will be passed to the first
errback added to this L{Deferred} (via L{addErrback}).
Alternatively, a L{Exception} instance from which a L{Failure} will
be constructed (with no traceback) or L{None} to create a L{Failure}
instance from the current exception state (with a traceback).
@raise AlreadyCalledError: If L{callback} or L{errback} has already been
called on this L{Deferred}.
@raise NoCurrentExceptionError: If C{fail} is L{None} but there is
no current exception state.
"""
if fail is None:
fail = Failure(captureVars=self.debug)
elif not isinstance(fail, Failure):
fail = Failure(fail)
self._startRunCallbacks(fail)
def pause(self) -> None:
"""
Stop processing on a L{Deferred} until L{unpause}() is called.
"""
self.paused = self.paused + 1
def unpause(self) -> None:
"""
Process all callbacks made since L{pause}() was called.
"""
self.paused = self.paused - 1
if self.paused:
return
if self.called:
self._runCallbacks()
def cancel(self) -> None:
"""
Cancel this L{Deferred}.
If the L{Deferred} has not yet had its C{errback} or C{callback} method
invoked, call the canceller function provided to the constructor. If
that function does not invoke C{callback} or C{errback}, or if no
canceller function was provided, errback with L{CancelledError}.
If this L{Deferred} is waiting on another L{Deferred}, forward the
cancellation to the other L{Deferred}.
"""
if not self.called:
canceller = self._canceller
if canceller:
canceller(self)
else:
# Arrange to eat the callback that will eventually be fired
# since there was no real canceller.
self._suppressAlreadyCalled = True
if not self.called:
# There was no canceller, or the canceller didn't call
# callback or errback.
self.errback(Failure(CancelledError()))
elif isinstance(self.result, Deferred):
# Waiting for another deferred -- cancel it instead.
self.result.cancel()
def _startRunCallbacks(self, result: object) -> None:
if self.called:
if self._suppressAlreadyCalled:
self._suppressAlreadyCalled = False
return
if self.debug:
if self._debugInfo is None:
self._debugInfo = DebugInfo()
extra = "\n" + self._debugInfo._getDebugTracebacks()
raise AlreadyCalledError(extra)
raise AlreadyCalledError
if self.debug:
if self._debugInfo is None:
self._debugInfo = DebugInfo()
self._debugInfo.invoker = traceback.format_stack()[:-2]
self.called = True
self.result = result
self._runCallbacks()
def _continuation(self) -> _CallbackChain:
"""
Build a tuple of callback and errback with L{_Sentinel._CONTINUE}.
"""
return (
(_Sentinel._CONTINUE, (self,), _NONE_KWARGS),
(_Sentinel._CONTINUE, (self,), _NONE_KWARGS),
)
def _runCallbacks(self) -> None:
"""
Run the chain of callbacks once a result is available.
This consists of a simple loop over all of the callbacks, calling each
with the current result and making the current result equal to the
return value (or raised exception) of that call.
If L{_runningCallbacks} is true, this loop won't run at all, since
it is already running above us on the call stack. If C{self.paused} is
true, the loop also won't run, because that's what it means to be
paused.
The loop will terminate before processing all of the callbacks if a
L{Deferred} without a result is encountered.
If a L{Deferred} I{with} a result is encountered, that result is taken
and the loop proceeds.
@note: The implementation is complicated slightly by the fact that
chaining (associating two L{Deferred}s with each other such that one
will wait for the result of the other, as happens when a Deferred is
returned from a callback on another L{Deferred}) is supported
iteratively rather than recursively, to avoid running out of stack
frames when processing long chains.
"""
if self._runningCallbacks:
# Don't recursively run callbacks
return
# Keep track of all the Deferreds encountered while propagating results
# up a chain. The way a Deferred gets onto this stack is by having
# added its _continuation() to the callbacks list of a second Deferred
# and then that second Deferred being fired. ie, if ever had _chainedTo
# set to something other than None, you might end up on this stack.
chain: List[Deferred[Any]] = [self]
while chain:
current = chain[-1]
if current.paused:
# This Deferred isn't going to produce a result at all. All the
# Deferreds up the chain waiting on it will just have to...
# wait.
return
finished = True
current._chainedTo = None
while current.callbacks:
item = current.callbacks.pop(0)
if not isinstance(current.result, Failure):
callback, args, kwargs = item[0]
else:
# type note: Callback signature also works for Errbacks in
# this context.
callback, args, kwargs = item[1]
# Avoid recursion if we can.
if callback is _CONTINUE:
# Give the waiting Deferred our current result and then
# forget about that result ourselves.
chainee = cast(Deferred[object], args[0])
chainee.result = current.result
current.result = None
# Making sure to update _debugInfo
if current._debugInfo is not None:
current._debugInfo.failResult = None
chainee.paused -= 1
chain.append(chainee)
# Delay cleaning this Deferred and popping it from the chain
# until after we've dealt with chainee.
finished = False
break
try:
current._runningCallbacks = True
try:
# type note: mypy sees `callback is _CONTINUE` above and
# then decides that `callback` is not callable.
# This goes away when we use `_Sentinel._CONTINUE`
# instead, but we don't want to do that attribute
# lookup in this hot code path, so we ignore the mypy
# complaint here.
current.result = callback( # type: ignore[misc]
current.result, *args, **kwargs
)
if current.result is current:
warnAboutFunction(
callback,
"Callback returned the Deferred "
"it was attached to; this breaks the "
"callback chain and will raise an "
"exception in the future.",
)
finally:
current._runningCallbacks = False
except BaseException:
# Including full frame information in the Failure is quite
# expensive, so we avoid it unless self.debug is set.
current.result = Failure(captureVars=self.debug)
else:
if isinstance(current.result, Deferred):
# The result is another Deferred. If it has a result,
# we can take it and keep going.
resultResult = getattr(current.result, "result", _NO_RESULT)
if (
resultResult is _NO_RESULT
or isinstance(resultResult, Deferred)
or current.result.paused
):
# Nope, it didn't. Pause and chain.
current.pause()
current._chainedTo = current.result
# Note: current.result has no result, so it's not
# running its callbacks right now. Therefore we can
# append to the callbacks list directly instead of
# using addCallbacks.
current.result.callbacks.append(current._continuation())
break
else:
# Yep, it did. Steal it.
current.result.result = None
# Make sure _debugInfo's failure state is updated.
if current.result._debugInfo is not None:
current.result._debugInfo.failResult = None
current.result = resultResult
if finished:
# As much of the callback chain - perhaps all of it - as can be
# processed right now has been. The current Deferred is waiting on
# another Deferred or for more callbacks. Before finishing with it,
# make sure its _debugInfo is in the proper state.
if isinstance(current.result, Failure):
# Stash the Failure in the _debugInfo for unhandled error
# reporting.
current.result.cleanFailure()
if current._debugInfo is None:
current._debugInfo = DebugInfo()
current._debugInfo.failResult = current.result
else:
# Clear out any Failure in the _debugInfo, since the result
# is no longer a Failure.
if current._debugInfo is not None:
current._debugInfo.failResult = None
# This Deferred is done, pop it from the chain and move back up
# to the Deferred which supplied us with our result.
chain.pop()
def __str__(self) -> str:
"""
Return a string representation of this L{Deferred}.
"""
cname = self.__class__.__name__
result = getattr(self, "result", _NO_RESULT)
myID = id(self)
if self._chainedTo is not None:
result = f" waiting on Deferred at 0x{id(self._chainedTo):x}"
elif result is _NO_RESULT:
result = ""
else:
result = f" current result: {result!r}"
return f"<{cname} at 0x{myID:x}{result}>"
__repr__ = __str__
def __iter__(self) -> "Deferred[_DeferredResultT]":
return self
@_extraneous
def send(self, value: object = None) -> "Deferred[_DeferredResultT]":
if self.paused:
# If we're paused, we have no result to give
return self
result = getattr(self, "result", _NO_RESULT)
if result is _NO_RESULT:
return self
if isinstance(result, Failure):
# Clear the failure on debugInfo so it doesn't raise "unhandled
# exception"
assert self._debugInfo is not None
self._debugInfo.failResult = None
result.value.__failure__ = result
raise result.value
else:
raise StopIteration(result)
# For PEP-492 support (async/await)
# type note: base class "Awaitable" defined the type as:
# Callable[[], Generator[Any, None, _DeferredResultT]]
# See: https://github.com/python/typeshed/issues/5125
# When the typeshed patch is included in a mypy release,
# this method can be replaced by `__await__ = __iter__`.
def __await__(self) -> Generator[Any, None, _DeferredResultT]:
return self.__iter__() # type: ignore[return-value]
__next__ = send
def asFuture(self, loop: AbstractEventLoop) -> "Future[_DeferredResultT]":
"""
Adapt this L{Deferred} into a L{Future} which is bound to C{loop}.
@note: converting a L{Deferred} to an L{Future} consumes both
its result and its errors, so this method implicitly converts
C{self} into a L{Deferred} firing with L{None}, regardless of what
its result previously would have been.
@since: Twisted 17.5.0
@param loop: The L{asyncio} event loop to bind the L{Future} to.
@return: A L{Future} which will fire when the L{Deferred} fires.
"""
future = loop.create_future()
def checkCancel(futureAgain: "Future[_DeferredResultT]") -> None:
if futureAgain.cancelled():
self.cancel()
def maybeFail(failure: Failure) -> None:
if not future.cancelled():
future.set_exception(failure.value)
def maybeSucceed(result: object) -> None:
if not future.cancelled():
future.set_result(result)
self.addCallbacks(maybeSucceed, maybeFail)
future.add_done_callback(checkCancel)
return future
@classmethod
def fromFuture(cls, future: Future) -> "Deferred[Any]":
"""
Adapt a L{Future} to a L{Deferred}.
@note: This creates a L{Deferred} from a L{Future}, I{not} from
a C{coroutine}; in other words, you will need to call
L{asyncio.ensure_future}, L{asyncio.loop.create_task} or create an
L{asyncio.Task} yourself to get from a C{coroutine} to a
L{Future} if what you have is an awaitable coroutine and
not a L{Future}. (The length of this list of techniques is
exactly why we have left it to the caller!)
@since: Twisted 17.5.0
@param future: The L{Future} to adapt.
@return: A L{Deferred} which will fire when the L{Future} fires.
"""
def adapt(result: Future) -> None:
try:
extracted = result.result()
except BaseException:
extracted = Failure()
actual.callback(extracted)
futureCancel = object()
def cancel(reself: Deferred[object]) -> None:
future.cancel()
reself.callback(futureCancel)
self = cls(cancel)
actual = self
def uncancel(
result: _DeferredResultT,
) -> Union[_DeferredResultT, Deferred[_DeferredResultT]]:
if result is futureCancel:
nonlocal actual
actual = Deferred()
return actual
return result
self.addCallback(uncancel)
future.add_done_callback(adapt)
return self
@classmethod
def fromCoroutine(
cls,
coro: Union[
Coroutine["Deferred[_T]", Any, _T],
Generator["Deferred[_T]", Any, _T],
],
) -> "Deferred[_T]":
"""
Schedule the execution of a coroutine that awaits on L{Deferred}s,
wrapping it in a L{Deferred} that will fire on success/failure of the
coroutine.
Coroutine functions return a coroutine object, similar to how
generators work. This function turns that coroutine into a Deferred,
meaning that it can be used in regular Twisted code. For example::
import treq
from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred
from twisted.internet.task import react
async def crawl(pages):
results = {}
for page in pages:
results[page] = await treq.content(await treq.get(page))
return results
def main(reactor):
pages = [
"http://localhost:8080"
]
d = Deferred.fromCoroutine(crawl(pages))
d.addCallback(print)
return d
react(main)
@since: Twisted 21.2.0
@param coro: The coroutine object to schedule.
@raise ValueError: If C{coro} is not a coroutine or generator.
"""
# type note: Subclass of "Generator[Deferred[_T], object, _T]" and "GeneratorType" cannot exist
if not iscoroutine(coro) and not isinstance(coro, GeneratorType):
raise NotACoroutineError(f"{coro!r} is not a coroutine")
return _cancellableInlineCallbacks(coro)
def ensureDeferred(
coro: Union[
Coroutine[Deferred[_T], Any, _T],
Generator[Deferred[_T], Any, _T],
Deferred[_T],
]
) -> Deferred[_T]:
"""
Schedule the execution of a coroutine that awaits/yields from L{Deferred}s,
wrapping it in a L{Deferred} that will fire on success/failure of the
coroutine. If a Deferred is passed to this function, it will be returned
directly (mimicing the L{asyncio.ensure_future} function).
See L{Deferred.fromCoroutine} for examples of coroutines.
@param coro: The coroutine object to schedule, or a L{Deferred}.
"""
if isinstance(coro, Deferred):
return coro
else:
try:
return Deferred.fromCoroutine(coro)
except NotACoroutineError:
# It's not a coroutine. Raise an exception, but say that it's also
# not a Deferred so the error makes sense.
raise NotACoroutineError(f"{coro!r} is not a coroutine or a Deferred")
@comparable
class FirstError(Exception):
"""
First error to occur in a L{DeferredList} if C{fireOnOneErrback} is set.
@ivar subFailure: The L{Failure} that occurred.
@ivar index: The index of the L{Deferred} in the L{DeferredList} where
it happened.
"""
def __init__(self, failure: Failure, index: int) -> None:
Exception.__init__(self, failure, index)
self.subFailure = failure
self.index = index
def __repr__(self) -> str:
"""
The I{repr} of L{FirstError} instances includes the repr of the
wrapped failure's exception and the index of the L{FirstError}.
"""
return "FirstError[#%d, %r]" % (self.index, self.subFailure.value)
def __str__(self) -> str:
"""
The I{str} of L{FirstError} instances includes the I{str} of the
entire wrapped failure (including its traceback and exception) and
the index of the L{FirstError}.
"""
return "FirstError[#%d, %s]" % (self.index, self.subFailure)
def __cmp__(self, other: object) -> int:
"""
Comparison between L{FirstError} and other L{FirstError} instances
is defined as the comparison of the index and sub-failure of each
instance. L{FirstError} instances don't compare equal to anything
that isn't a L{FirstError} instance.
@since: 8.2
"""
if isinstance(other, FirstError):
return cmp((self.index, self.subFailure), (other.index, other.subFailure))
return -1
_DeferredListSingleResultT = Tuple[_DeferredResultT, int]
_DeferredListResultItemT = Tuple[bool, _DeferredResultT]
_DeferredListResultListT = List[_DeferredListResultItemT]
if TYPE_CHECKING:
# The result type is different depending on whether fireOnOneCallback
# is True or False. The type system is not flexible enough to handle
# that in a class definition, so instead we pretend that DeferredList
# is a function that returns a Deferred.
@overload
def _DeferredList(
deferredList: Iterable[Deferred[_DeferredResultT]],
fireOnOneCallback: Literal[True],
fireOnOneErrback: bool = False,
consumeErrors: bool = False,
) -> Deferred[_DeferredListSingleResultT]:
...
@overload
def _DeferredList(
deferredList: Iterable[Deferred[_DeferredResultT]],
fireOnOneCallback: Literal[False] = False,
fireOnOneErrback: bool = False,
consumeErrors: bool = False,
) -> Deferred[_DeferredListResultListT]:
...
def _DeferredList(
deferredList: Iterable[Deferred[_DeferredResultT]],
fireOnOneCallback: bool = False,
fireOnOneErrback: bool = False,
consumeErrors: bool = False,
) -> Union[
Deferred[_DeferredListSingleResultT], Deferred[_DeferredListResultListT]
]:
...
DeferredList = _DeferredList
class DeferredList(Deferred[_DeferredListResultListT]): # type: ignore[no-redef]
"""
L{DeferredList} is a tool for collecting the results of several Deferreds.
This tracks a list of L{Deferred}s for their results, and makes a single
callback when they have all completed. By default, the ultimate result is a
list of (success, result) tuples, 'success' being a boolean.
L{DeferredList} exposes the same API that L{Deferred} does, so callbacks and
errbacks can be added to it in the same way.
L{DeferredList} is implemented by adding callbacks and errbacks to each
L{Deferred} in the list passed to it. This means callbacks and errbacks
added to the Deferreds before they are passed to L{DeferredList} will change
the result that L{DeferredList} sees (i.e., L{DeferredList} is not special).
Callbacks and errbacks can also be added to the Deferreds after they are
passed to L{DeferredList} and L{DeferredList} may change the result that
they see.
See the documentation for the C{__init__} arguments for more information.
@ivar _deferredList: The L{list} of L{Deferred}s to track.
"""
fireOnOneCallback = False
fireOnOneErrback = False
def __init__(
self,
deferredList: Iterable[Deferred[_DeferredResultT]],
fireOnOneCallback: bool = False,
fireOnOneErrback: bool = False,
consumeErrors: bool = False,
):
"""
Initialize a DeferredList.
@param deferredList: The deferreds to track.
@param fireOnOneCallback: (keyword param) a flag indicating that this
L{DeferredList} will fire when the first L{Deferred} in
C{deferredList} fires with a non-failure result without waiting for
any of the other Deferreds. When this flag is set, the DeferredList
will fire with a two-tuple: the first element is the result of the
Deferred which fired; the second element is the index in
C{deferredList} of that Deferred.
@param fireOnOneErrback: (keyword param) a flag indicating that this
L{DeferredList} will fire when the first L{Deferred} in
C{deferredList} fires with a failure result without waiting for any
of the other Deferreds. When this flag is set, if a Deferred in the
list errbacks, the DeferredList will errback with a L{FirstError}
failure wrapping the failure of that Deferred.
@param consumeErrors: (keyword param) a flag indicating that failures in
any of the included L{Deferred}s should not be propagated to
errbacks added to the individual L{Deferred}s after this
L{DeferredList} is constructed. After constructing the
L{DeferredList}, any errors in the individual L{Deferred}s will be
converted to a callback result of L{None}. This is useful to
prevent spurious 'Unhandled error in Deferred' messages from being
logged. This does not prevent C{fireOnOneErrback} from working.
"""
self._deferredList = list(deferredList)
# Note this contains optional result values as the DeferredList is
# processing its results, even though the callback result will not,
# which is why we aren't using _DeferredListResultListT here.
self.resultList: List[Optional[_DeferredListResultItemT]] = [None] * len(
self._deferredList
)
"""
The final result, in progress.
Each item in the list corresponds to the L{Deferred} at the same
position in L{_deferredList}. It will be L{None} if the L{Deferred}
did not complete yet, or a C{(success, result)} pair if it did.
"""
Deferred.__init__(self)
if len(self._deferredList) == 0 and not fireOnOneCallback:
self.callback([])
# These flags need to be set *before* attaching callbacks to the
# deferreds, because the callbacks use these flags, and will run
# synchronously if any of the deferreds are already fired.
self.fireOnOneCallback = fireOnOneCallback
self.fireOnOneErrback = fireOnOneErrback
self.consumeErrors = consumeErrors
self.finishedCount = 0
index = 0
for deferred in self._deferredList:
deferred.addCallbacks(
self._cbDeferred,
self._cbDeferred,
callbackArgs=(index, SUCCESS),
errbackArgs=(index, FAILURE),
)
index = index + 1
def _cbDeferred(
self, result: _DeferredResultT, index: int, succeeded: bool
) -> Optional[_DeferredResultT]:
"""
(internal) Callback for when one of my deferreds fires.
"""
self.resultList[index] = (succeeded, result)
self.finishedCount += 1
if not self.called:
if succeeded == SUCCESS and self.fireOnOneCallback:
self.callback((result, index)) # type: ignore[arg-type]
elif succeeded == FAILURE and self.fireOnOneErrback:
assert isinstance(result, Failure)
self.errback(Failure(FirstError(result, index)))
elif self.finishedCount == len(self.resultList):
# At this point, None values in self.resultList have been
# replaced by result values, so we cast it to
# _DeferredListResultListT to match the callback result type.
self.callback(cast(_DeferredListResultListT, self.resultList))
if succeeded == FAILURE and self.consumeErrors:
return None
return result
def cancel(self) -> None:
"""
Cancel this L{DeferredList}.
If the L{DeferredList} hasn't fired yet, cancel every L{Deferred} in
the list.
If the L{DeferredList} has fired, including the case where the
C{fireOnOneCallback}/C{fireOnOneErrback} flag is set and the
L{DeferredList} fires because one L{Deferred} in the list fires with a
non-failure/failure result, do nothing in the C{cancel} method.
"""
if not self.called:
for deferred in self._deferredList:
try:
deferred.cancel()
except BaseException:
log.failure("Exception raised from user supplied canceller")
def _parseDeferredListResult(
resultList: List[_DeferredListResultItemT], fireOnOneErrback: bool = False
) -> List[_T]:
if __debug__:
for result in resultList:
assert result is not None
success, value = result
assert success
return [x[1] for x in resultList]
def gatherResults(
deferredList: Iterable[Deferred[_T]], consumeErrors: bool = False
) -> Deferred[List[_T]]:
"""
Returns, via a L{Deferred}, a list with the results of the given
L{Deferred}s - in effect, a "join" of multiple deferred operations.
The returned L{Deferred} will fire when I{all} of the provided L{Deferred}s
have fired, or when any one of them has failed.
This method can be cancelled by calling the C{cancel} method of the
L{Deferred}, all the L{Deferred}s in the list will be cancelled.
This differs from L{DeferredList} in that you don't need to parse
the result for success/failure.
@param consumeErrors: (keyword param) a flag, defaulting to False,
indicating that failures in any of the given L{Deferred}s should not be
propagated to errbacks added to the individual L{Deferred}s after this
L{gatherResults} invocation. Any such errors in the individual
L{Deferred}s will be converted to a callback result of L{None}. This
is useful to prevent spurious 'Unhandled error in Deferred' messages
from being logged. This parameter is available since 11.1.0.
"""
d = DeferredList(deferredList, fireOnOneErrback=True, consumeErrors=consumeErrors)
d.addCallback(_parseDeferredListResult)
return cast(Deferred[List[_T]], d)
# Constants for use with DeferredList
SUCCESS = True
FAILURE = False
## deferredGenerator
class waitForDeferred:
"""
See L{deferredGenerator}.
"""
result: Any = _NO_RESULT
def __init__(self, d: Deferred[object]) -> None:
warnings.warn(
"twisted.internet.defer.waitForDeferred was deprecated in "
"Twisted 15.0.0; please use twisted.internet.defer.inlineCallbacks "
"instead",
DeprecationWarning,
stacklevel=2,
)
if not isinstance(d, Deferred):
raise TypeError(
f"You must give waitForDeferred a Deferred. You gave it {d!r}."
)
self.d = d
def getResult(self) -> Any:
if isinstance(self.result, Failure):
self.result.raiseException()
self.result is not _NO_RESULT
return self.result
_DeferableGenerator = Generator[object, None, None]
def _deferGenerator(
g: _DeferableGenerator, deferred: Deferred[object]
) -> Deferred[Any]:
"""
See L{deferredGenerator}.
"""
result = None
# This function is complicated by the need to prevent unbounded recursion
# arising from repeatedly yielding immediately ready deferreds. This while
# loop and the waiting variable solve that by manually unfolding the
# recursion.
# defgen is waiting for result? # result
# type note: List[Any] because you can't annotate List items by index.
# …better fix would be to create a class, but we need to jettison
# deferredGenerator anyway.
waiting: List[Any] = [True, None]
while 1:
try:
result = next(g)
except StopIteration:
deferred.callback(result)
return deferred
except BaseException:
deferred.errback()
return deferred
# Deferred.callback(Deferred) raises an error; we catch this case
# early here and give a nicer error message to the user in case
# they yield a Deferred.
if isinstance(result, Deferred):
return fail(TypeError("Yield waitForDeferred(d), not d!"))
if isinstance(result, waitForDeferred):
# a waitForDeferred was yielded, get the result.
# Pass result in so it don't get changed going around the loop
# This isn't a problem for waiting, as it's only reused if
# gotResult has already been executed.
def gotResult(
r: object, result: waitForDeferred = cast(waitForDeferred, result)
) -> None:
result.result = r
if waiting[0]:
waiting[0] = False
waiting[1] = r
else:
_deferGenerator(g, deferred)
result.d.addBoth(gotResult)
if waiting[0]:
# Haven't called back yet, set flag so that we get reinvoked
# and return from the loop
waiting[0] = False
return deferred
# Reset waiting to initial values for next loop
waiting[0] = True
waiting[1] = None
result = None
@deprecated(Version("Twisted", 15, 0, 0), "twisted.internet.defer.inlineCallbacks")
def deferredGenerator(
f: Callable[..., _DeferableGenerator]
) -> Callable[..., Deferred[object]]:
"""
L{deferredGenerator} and L{waitForDeferred} help you write
L{Deferred}-using code that looks like a regular sequential function.
Consider the use of L{inlineCallbacks} instead, which can accomplish
the same thing in a more concise manner.
There are two important functions involved: L{waitForDeferred}, and
L{deferredGenerator}. They are used together, like this::
@deferredGenerator
def thingummy():
thing = waitForDeferred(makeSomeRequestResultingInDeferred())
yield thing
thing = thing.getResult()
print(thing) #the result! hoorj!
L{waitForDeferred} returns something that you should immediately yield; when
your generator is resumed, calling C{thing.getResult()} will either give you
the result of the L{Deferred} if it was a success, or raise an exception if it
was a failure. Calling C{getResult} is B{absolutely mandatory}. If you do
not call it, I{your program will not work}.
L{deferredGenerator} takes one of these waitForDeferred-using generator
functions and converts it into a function that returns a L{Deferred}. The
result of the L{Deferred} will be the last value that your generator yielded
unless the last value is a L{waitForDeferred} instance, in which case the
result will be L{None}. If the function raises an unhandled exception, the
L{Deferred} will errback instead. Remember that C{return result} won't work;
use C{yield result; return} in place of that.
Note that not yielding anything from your generator will make the L{Deferred}
result in L{None}. Yielding a L{Deferred} from your generator is also an error
condition; always yield C{waitForDeferred(d)} instead.
The L{Deferred} returned from your deferred generator may also errback if your
generator raised an exception. For example::
@deferredGenerator
def thingummy():
thing = waitForDeferred(makeSomeRequestResultingInDeferred())
yield thing
thing = thing.getResult()
if thing == 'I love Twisted':
# will become the result of the Deferred
yield 'TWISTED IS GREAT!'
return
else:
# will trigger an errback
raise Exception('DESTROY ALL LIFE')
Put succinctly, these functions connect deferred-using code with this 'fake
blocking' style in both directions: L{waitForDeferred} converts from a
L{Deferred} to the 'blocking' style, and L{deferredGenerator} converts from the
'blocking' style to a L{Deferred}.
"""
@wraps(f)
def unwindGenerator(*args: object, **kwargs: object) -> Deferred[object]:
return _deferGenerator(f(*args, **kwargs), Deferred())
return unwindGenerator
## inlineCallbacks
class _DefGen_Return(BaseException):
def __init__(self, value: object) -> None:
self.value = value
def returnValue(val: object) -> NoReturn:
"""
Return val from a L{inlineCallbacks} generator.
Note: this is currently implemented by raising an exception
derived from L{BaseException}. You might want to change any
'except:' clauses to an 'except Exception:' clause so as not to
catch this exception.
Also: while this function currently will work when called from
within arbitrary functions called from within the generator, do
not rely upon this behavior.
"""
raise _DefGen_Return(val)
@attr.s(auto_attribs=True)
class _CancellationStatus:
"""
Cancellation status of an L{inlineCallbacks} invocation.
@ivar deferred: the L{Deferred} to callback or errback when the generator
invocation has finished.
@ivar waitingOn: the L{Deferred} being waited upon (which
L{_inlineCallbacks} must fill out before returning)
"""
deferred: Deferred[object]
waitingOn: Optional[Deferred[object]] = None
@_extraneous
def _inlineCallbacks(
result: object,
gen: Union[
Generator[Deferred[_T], object, None],
Coroutine[Deferred[_T], object, None],
],
status: _CancellationStatus,
) -> None:
"""
Carry out the work of L{inlineCallbacks}.
Iterate the generator produced by an C{@}L{inlineCallbacks}-decorated
function, C{gen}, C{send()}ing it the results of each value C{yield}ed by
that generator, until a L{Deferred} is yielded, at which point a callback
is added to that L{Deferred} to call this function again.
@param result: The last result seen by this generator. Note that this is
never a L{Deferred} - by the time this function is invoked, the
L{Deferred} has been called back and this will be a particular result
at a point in its callback chain.
@param gen: a generator object returned by calling a function or method
decorated with C{@}L{inlineCallbacks}
@param status: a L{_CancellationStatus} tracking the current status of C{gen}
"""
# This function is complicated by the need to prevent unbounded recursion
# arising from repeatedly yielding immediately ready deferreds. This while
# loop and the waiting variable solve that by manually unfolding the
# recursion.
# waiting for result? # result
waiting: List[Any] = [True, None]
# Get the current contextvars Context object.
current_context = _copy_context()
while 1:
try:
# Send the last result back as the result of the yield expression.
isFailure = isinstance(result, Failure)
if isFailure:
result = current_context.run(
cast(Failure, result).throwExceptionIntoGenerator, gen
)
else:
result = current_context.run(gen.send, result)
except StopIteration as e:
# fell off the end, or "return" statement
status.deferred.callback(getattr(e, "value", None))
return
except _DefGen_Return as e:
# returnValue() was called; time to give a result to the original
# Deferred. First though, let's try to identify the potentially
# confusing situation which results when returnValue() is
# accidentally invoked from a different function, one that wasn't
# decorated with @inlineCallbacks.
# The traceback starts in this frame (the one for
# _inlineCallbacks); the next one down should be the application
# code.
excInfo = exc_info()
assert excInfo is not None
traceback = excInfo[2]
assert traceback is not None
appCodeTrace = traceback.tb_next
assert appCodeTrace is not None
if version_info < (3, 7):
# The contextvars backport and our no-op shim add an extra frame.
appCodeTrace = appCodeTrace.tb_next
assert appCodeTrace is not None
elif _PYPY:
# PyPy as of 3.7 adds an extra frame.
appCodeTrace = appCodeTrace.tb_next
assert appCodeTrace is not None
if isFailure:
# If we invoked this generator frame by throwing an exception
# into it, then throwExceptionIntoGenerator will consume an
# additional stack frame itself, so we need to skip that too.
appCodeTrace = appCodeTrace.tb_next
assert appCodeTrace is not None
# Now that we've identified the frame being exited by the
# exception, let's figure out if returnValue was called from it
# directly. returnValue itself consumes a stack frame, so the
# application code will have a tb_next, but it will *not* have a
# second tb_next.
assert appCodeTrace.tb_next is not None
if appCodeTrace.tb_next.tb_next:
# If returnValue was invoked non-local to the frame which it is
# exiting, identify the frame that ultimately invoked
# returnValue so that we can warn the user, as this behavior is
# confusing.
ultimateTrace = appCodeTrace
assert ultimateTrace is not None
assert ultimateTrace.tb_next is not None
while ultimateTrace.tb_next.tb_next:
ultimateTrace = ultimateTrace.tb_next
assert ultimateTrace is not None
filename = ultimateTrace.tb_frame.f_code.co_filename
lineno = ultimateTrace.tb_lineno
assert ultimateTrace.tb_frame is not None
assert appCodeTrace.tb_frame is not None
warnings.warn_explicit(
"returnValue() in %r causing %r to exit: "
"returnValue should only be invoked by functions decorated "
"with inlineCallbacks"
% (
ultimateTrace.tb_frame.f_code.co_name,
appCodeTrace.tb_frame.f_code.co_name,
),
DeprecationWarning,
filename,
lineno,
)
status.deferred.callback(e.value)
return
except BaseException:
status.deferred.errback()
return
if isinstance(result, Deferred):
# a deferred was yielded, get the result.
def gotResult(r: object) -> None:
if waiting[0]:
waiting[0] = False
waiting[1] = r
else:
current_context.run(_inlineCallbacks, r, gen, status)
result.addBoth(gotResult)
if waiting[0]:
# Haven't called back yet, set flag so that we get reinvoked
# and return from the loop
waiting[0] = False
status.waitingOn = result
return
result = waiting[1]
# Reset waiting to initial values for next loop. gotResult uses
# waiting, but this isn't a problem because gotResult is only
# executed once, and if it hasn't been executed yet, the return
# branch above would have been taken.
waiting[0] = True
waiting[1] = None
def _cancellableInlineCallbacks(
gen: Union[
Generator["Deferred[_T]", object, _T],
Coroutine["Deferred[_T]", object, _T],
]
) -> Deferred[_T]:
"""
Make an C{@}L{inlineCallbacks} cancellable.
@param gen: a generator object returned by calling a function or method
decorated with C{@}L{inlineCallbacks}
@return: L{Deferred} for the C{@}L{inlineCallbacks} that is cancellable.
"""
def cancel(it: Deferred[object]) -> None:
it.callbacks, tmp = [], it.callbacks
it.addErrback(handleCancel)
it.callbacks.extend(tmp)
it.errback(_InternalInlineCallbacksCancelledError())
deferred: Deferred[object] = Deferred(cancel)
status = _CancellationStatus(deferred)
def handleCancel(result: Failure) -> Deferred[object]:
"""
Propagate the cancellation of an C{@}L{inlineCallbacks} to the
L{Deferred} it is waiting on.
@param result: An L{_InternalInlineCallbacksCancelledError} from
C{cancel()}.
@return: A new L{Deferred} that the C{@}L{inlineCallbacks} generator
can callback or errback through.
"""
result.trap(_InternalInlineCallbacksCancelledError)
status.deferred = Deferred(cancel)
# We would only end up here if the inlineCallback is waiting on
# another Deferred. It needs to be cancelled.
awaited = status.waitingOn
assert awaited is not None
awaited.cancel()
return status.deferred
_inlineCallbacks(None, gen, status)
return deferred
class _InternalInlineCallbacksCancelledError(Exception):
"""
A unique exception used only in L{_cancellableInlineCallbacks} to verify
that an L{inlineCallbacks} is being cancelled as expected.
"""
# type note: "..." is used here because we don't have a better way to express
# that the same arguments are accepted by the returned callable.
def inlineCallbacks(
f: Callable[..., Generator[Deferred[object], object, _T]]
) -> Callable[..., Deferred[_T]]:
"""
L{inlineCallbacks} helps you write L{Deferred}-using code that looks like a
regular sequential function. For example::
@inlineCallbacks
def thingummy():
thing = yield makeSomeRequestResultingInDeferred()
print(thing) # the result! hoorj!
When you call anything that results in a L{Deferred}, you can simply yield it;
your generator will automatically be resumed when the Deferred's result is
available. The generator will be sent the result of the L{Deferred} with the
'send' method on generators, or if the result was a failure, 'throw'.
Things that are not L{Deferred}s may also be yielded, and your generator
will be resumed with the same object sent back. This means C{yield}
performs an operation roughly equivalent to L{maybeDeferred}.
Your inlineCallbacks-enabled generator will return a L{Deferred} object, which
will result in the return value of the generator (or will fail with a
failure object if your generator raises an unhandled exception). Note that
you can't use C{return result} to return a value; use C{returnValue(result)}
instead. Falling off the end of the generator, or simply using C{return}
will cause the L{Deferred} to have a result of L{None}.
Be aware that L{returnValue} will not accept a L{Deferred} as a parameter.
If you believe the thing you'd like to return could be a L{Deferred}, do
this::
result = yield result
returnValue(result)
The L{Deferred} returned from your deferred generator may errback if your
generator raised an exception::
@inlineCallbacks
def thingummy():
thing = yield makeSomeRequestResultingInDeferred()
if thing == 'I love Twisted':
# will become the result of the Deferred
returnValue('TWISTED IS GREAT!')
else:
# will trigger an errback
raise Exception('DESTROY ALL LIFE')
It is possible to use the C{return} statement instead of L{returnValue}::
@inlineCallbacks
def loadData(url):
response = yield makeRequest(url)
return json.loads(response)
You can cancel the L{Deferred} returned from your L{inlineCallbacks}
generator before it is fired by your generator completing (either by
reaching its end, a C{return} statement, or by calling L{returnValue}).
A C{CancelledError} will be raised from the C{yield}ed L{Deferred} that
has been cancelled if that C{Deferred} does not otherwise suppress it.
"""
@wraps(f)
def unwindGenerator(*args: object, **kwargs: object) -> Deferred[object]:
try:
gen = f(*args, **kwargs)
except _DefGen_Return:
raise TypeError(
"inlineCallbacks requires %r to produce a generator; instead"
"caught returnValue being used in a non-generator" % (f,)
)
if not isinstance(gen, GeneratorType):
raise TypeError(
"inlineCallbacks requires %r to produce a generator; "
"instead got %r" % (f, gen)
)
return _cancellableInlineCallbacks(gen)
return unwindGenerator
## DeferredLock/DeferredQueue
_ConcurrencyPrimitiveT = TypeVar(
"_ConcurrencyPrimitiveT", bound="_ConcurrencyPrimitive"
)
class _ConcurrencyPrimitive(ABC, Generic[_DeferredResultT]):
def __init__(self: _ConcurrencyPrimitiveT) -> None:
self.waiting: List[Deferred[_ConcurrencyPrimitiveT]] = []
def _releaseAndReturn(self, r: _T) -> _T:
self.release()
return r
# You might wonder: "WTF is self_319AA2A8B18F4B8EA296D75F279EB07F?"
# It's self_ + a GUID, which is to say: "it's not a string that will ever
# be used as a name in kwargs".
# Positional-only arguments, starting in Python 3.8, would be a better
# alternative.
def run(
self_319AA2A8B18F4B8EA296D75F279EB07F: _ConcurrencyPrimitiveT,
f: Callable[..., _DeferredResultT],
*args: object,
**kwargs: object,
) -> Deferred[_DeferredResultT]:
"""
Acquire, run, release.
This method takes a callable as its first argument and any
number of other positional and keyword arguments. When the
lock or semaphore is acquired, the callable will be invoked
with those arguments.
The callable may return a L{Deferred}; if it does, the lock or
semaphore won't be released until that L{Deferred} fires.
@return: L{Deferred} of function result.
"""
def execute(ignoredResult: object) -> Deferred[_DeferredResultT]:
return maybeDeferred(f, *args, **kwargs).addBoth(
self_319AA2A8B18F4B8EA296D75F279EB07F._releaseAndReturn
)
return self_319AA2A8B18F4B8EA296D75F279EB07F.acquire().addCallback(execute)
def __aenter__(self: _ConcurrencyPrimitiveT) -> Deferred[_ConcurrencyPrimitiveT]:
"""
We can be used as an asynchronous context manager.
"""
return self.acquire()
def __aexit__(self, exc_type: bool, exc_val: bool, exc_tb: bool) -> Deferred[bool]:
self.release()
# We return False to indicate that we have not consumed the
# exception, if any.
return succeed(False)
@abstractmethod
def acquire(self: _ConcurrencyPrimitiveT) -> Deferred[_ConcurrencyPrimitiveT]:
pass
@abstractmethod
def release(self) -> None:
pass
_DeferredLockT = TypeVar("_DeferredLockT", bound="DeferredLock")
class DeferredLock(_ConcurrencyPrimitive):
"""
A lock for event driven systems.
@ivar locked: C{True} when this Lock has been acquired, false at all other
times. Do not change this value, but it is useful to examine for the
equivalent of a "non-blocking" acquisition.
"""
locked = False
def _cancelAcquire(self: _DeferredLockT, d: Deferred[_DeferredLockT]) -> None:
"""
Remove a deferred d from our waiting list, as the deferred has been
canceled.
Note: We do not need to wrap this in a try/except to catch d not
being in self.waiting because this canceller will not be called if
d has fired. release() pops a deferred out of self.waiting and
calls it, so the canceller will no longer be called.
@param d: The deferred that has been canceled.
"""
self.waiting.remove(d)
def acquire(self: _DeferredLockT) -> Deferred[_DeferredLockT]:
"""
Attempt to acquire the lock. Returns a L{Deferred} that fires on
lock acquisition with the L{DeferredLock} as the value. If the lock
is locked, then the Deferred is placed at the end of a waiting list.
@return: a L{Deferred} which fires on lock acquisition.
@rtype: a L{Deferred}
"""
d: Deferred[_DeferredLockT] = Deferred(canceller=self._cancelAcquire)
if self.locked:
self.waiting.append(d)
else:
self.locked = True
d.callback(self)
return d
def release(self: _DeferredLockT) -> None:
"""
Release the lock. If there is a waiting list, then the first
L{Deferred} in that waiting list will be called back.
Should be called by whomever did the L{acquire}() when the shared
resource is free.
"""
assert self.locked, "Tried to release an unlocked lock"
self.locked = False
if self.waiting:
# someone is waiting to acquire lock
self.locked = True
d = self.waiting.pop(0)
d.callback(self)
_DeferredSemaphoreT = TypeVar("_DeferredSemaphoreT", bound="DeferredSemaphore")
class DeferredSemaphore(_ConcurrencyPrimitive):
"""
A semaphore for event driven systems.
If you are looking into this as a means of limiting parallelism, you might
find L{twisted.internet.task.Cooperator} more useful.
@ivar limit: At most this many users may acquire this semaphore at
once.
@ivar tokens: The difference between C{limit} and the number of users
which have currently acquired this semaphore.
"""
def __init__(self, tokens: int) -> None:
"""
@param tokens: initial value of L{tokens} and L{limit}
@type tokens: L{int}
"""
_ConcurrencyPrimitive.__init__(self)
if tokens < 1:
raise ValueError("DeferredSemaphore requires tokens >= 1")
self.tokens = tokens
self.limit = tokens
def _cancelAcquire(
self: _DeferredSemaphoreT, d: Deferred[_DeferredSemaphoreT]
) -> None:
"""
Remove a deferred d from our waiting list, as the deferred has been
canceled.
Note: We do not need to wrap this in a try/except to catch d not
being in self.waiting because this canceller will not be called if
d has fired. release() pops a deferred out of self.waiting and
calls it, so the canceller will no longer be called.
@param d: The deferred that has been canceled.
"""
self.waiting.remove(d)
def acquire(self: _DeferredSemaphoreT) -> Deferred[_DeferredSemaphoreT]:
"""
Attempt to acquire the token.
@return: a L{Deferred} which fires on token acquisition.
"""
assert (
self.tokens >= 0
), "Internal inconsistency?? tokens should never be negative"
d: Deferred[_DeferredSemaphoreT] = Deferred(canceller=self._cancelAcquire)
if not self.tokens:
self.waiting.append(d)
else:
self.tokens = self.tokens - 1
d.callback(self)
return d
def release(self: _DeferredSemaphoreT) -> None:
"""
Release the token.
Should be called by whoever did the L{acquire}() when the shared
resource is free.
"""
assert (
self.tokens < self.limit
), "Someone released me too many times: too many tokens!"
self.tokens = self.tokens + 1
if self.waiting:
# someone is waiting to acquire token
self.tokens = self.tokens - 1
d = self.waiting.pop(0)
d.callback(self)
class QueueOverflow(Exception):
pass
class QueueUnderflow(Exception):
pass
class DeferredQueue(Generic[_T]):
"""
An event driven queue.
Objects may be added as usual to this queue. When an attempt is
made to retrieve an object when the queue is empty, a L{Deferred} is
returned which will fire when an object becomes available.
@ivar size: The maximum number of objects to allow into the queue
at a time. When an attempt to add a new object would exceed this
limit, L{QueueOverflow} is raised synchronously. L{None} for no limit.
@ivar backlog: The maximum number of L{Deferred} gets to allow at
one time. When an attempt is made to get an object which would
exceed this limit, L{QueueUnderflow} is raised synchronously. L{None}
for no limit.
"""
def __init__(
self, size: Optional[int] = None, backlog: Optional[int] = None
) -> None:
self.waiting: List[Deferred[_T]] = []
self.pending: List[_T] = []
self.size = size
self.backlog = backlog
def _cancelGet(self, d: Deferred[object]) -> None:
"""
Remove a deferred d from our waiting list, as the deferred has been
canceled.
Note: We do not need to wrap this in a try/except to catch d not
being in self.waiting because this canceller will not be called if
d has fired. put() pops a deferred out of self.waiting and calls
it, so the canceller will no longer be called.
@param d: The deferred that has been canceled.
"""
self.waiting.remove(d)
def put(self, obj: _T) -> None:
"""
Add an object to this queue.
@raise QueueOverflow: Too many objects are in this queue.
"""
if self.waiting:
self.waiting.pop(0).callback(obj)
elif self.size is None or len(self.pending) < self.size:
self.pending.append(obj)
else:
raise QueueOverflow()
def get(self) -> Deferred[_T]:
"""
Attempt to retrieve and remove an object from the queue.
@return: a L{Deferred} which fires with the next object available in
the queue.
@raise QueueUnderflow: Too many (more than C{backlog})
L{Deferred}s are already waiting for an object from this queue.
"""
if self.pending:
return succeed(self.pending.pop(0))
elif self.backlog is None or len(self.waiting) < self.backlog:
d: Deferred[_T] = Deferred(canceller=self._cancelGet)
self.waiting.append(d)
return d
else:
raise QueueUnderflow()
class AlreadyTryingToLockError(Exception):
"""
Raised when L{DeferredFilesystemLock.deferUntilLocked} is called twice on a
single L{DeferredFilesystemLock}.
"""
class DeferredFilesystemLock(lockfile.FilesystemLock):
"""
A L{FilesystemLock} that allows for a L{Deferred} to be fired when the lock is
acquired.
@ivar _scheduler: The object in charge of scheduling retries. In this
implementation this is parameterized for testing.
@ivar _interval: The retry interval for an L{IReactorTime} based scheduler.
@ivar _tryLockCall: An L{IDelayedCall} based on C{_interval} that will manage
the next retry for acquiring the lock.
@ivar _timeoutCall: An L{IDelayedCall} based on C{deferUntilLocked}'s timeout
argument. This is in charge of timing out our attempt to acquire the
lock.
"""
_interval = 1
_tryLockCall: Optional[IDelayedCall] = None
_timeoutCall: Optional[IDelayedCall] = None
def __init__(self, name: str, scheduler: Optional[IReactorTime] = None) -> None:
"""
@param name: The name of the lock to acquire
@param scheduler: An object which provides L{IReactorTime}
"""
lockfile.FilesystemLock.__init__(self, name)
if scheduler is None:
from twisted.internet import reactor
scheduler = cast(IReactorTime, reactor)
self._scheduler = scheduler
def deferUntilLocked(self, timeout: Optional[float] = None) -> Deferred[None]:
"""
Wait until we acquire this lock. This method is not safe for
concurrent use.
@param timeout: the number of seconds after which to time out if the
lock has not been acquired.
@return: a L{Deferred} which will callback when the lock is acquired, or
errback with a L{TimeoutError} after timing out or an
L{AlreadyTryingToLockError} if the L{deferUntilLocked} has already
been called and not successfully locked the file.
"""
if self._tryLockCall is not None:
return fail(
AlreadyTryingToLockError(
"deferUntilLocked isn't safe for concurrent use."
)
)
def _cancelLock(reason: Union[Failure, Exception]) -> None:
"""
Cancel a L{DeferredFilesystemLock.deferUntilLocked} call.
@type reason: L{Failure}
@param reason: The reason why the call is cancelled.
"""
assert self._tryLockCall is not None
self._tryLockCall.cancel()
self._tryLockCall = None
if self._timeoutCall is not None and self._timeoutCall.active():
self._timeoutCall.cancel()
self._timeoutCall = None
if self.lock():
d.callback(None)
else:
d.errback(reason)
d: Deferred[None] = Deferred(lambda deferred: _cancelLock(CancelledError()))
def _tryLock() -> None:
if self.lock():
if self._timeoutCall is not None:
self._timeoutCall.cancel()
self._timeoutCall = None
self._tryLockCall = None
d.callback(None)
else:
if timeout is not None and self._timeoutCall is None:
reason = Failure(
TimeoutError(
"Timed out acquiring lock: %s after %fs"
% (self.name, timeout)
)
)
self._timeoutCall = self._scheduler.callLater(
timeout, _cancelLock, reason
)
self._tryLockCall = self._scheduler.callLater(self._interval, _tryLock)
_tryLock()
return d
__all__ = [
"Deferred",
"DeferredList",
"succeed",
"fail",
"FAILURE",
"SUCCESS",
"AlreadyCalledError",
"TimeoutError",
"gatherResults",
"maybeDeferred",
"ensureDeferred",
"waitForDeferred",
"deferredGenerator",
"inlineCallbacks",
"returnValue",
"DeferredLock",
"DeferredSemaphore",
"DeferredQueue",
"DeferredFilesystemLock",
"AlreadyTryingToLockError",
"CancelledError",
]
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